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¸ÆÄ«½Ã-John McCarthy,±³¼ö,AI â¾ÈÀÚ,USA | ||
Á¸ ¸ÆÄ«½Ã (John McCarthy) °úÇÐÀÚ, Àü ´ëÇб³¼ö 'ÀΰøÁö´É'(Artificial Intelligence)¿ë¾î â¾È [Ãâ»ý] 1927³â 9¿ù 4ÀÏ ¹Ì±¹ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ ÁÖ, º¸½ºÅÏ [¹Ì±¹ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ ÁÖ, º¸½ºÅÏ] [»ç¸Á] 2011³â 10¿ù 24ÀÏ (84¼¼) ¹Ì±¹ Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ÁÖ, ½ºÅÄÆÛµå [Welcome to Stanford] [5ºÐ Youtube µ¿¿µ»ó] [30ºÐ Youtube µ¿¿µ»ó] [°æ·Â»çÇ×] 1999 ¹Ì±¹ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¿ª»ç ¹Ú¹°°ü ȸ¿ø 1962 ¹Ì±¹ ½ºÅÄÆ÷µå´ëÇб³ ÀΰøÁö´É¿¬±¸½Ç 1962 ~ 2000 ¹Ì±¹ ½ºÅÄÆ÷µå´ëÇб³ ±³¼ö [¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ °¡Àå ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ´ëÇÐ 15°³] ¹Ì±¹ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷°ø°ú´ëÇб³ ¹Ì±¹ ´ÙÆ®¸Ó½º´ëÇб³ ¹Ì±¹ ½ºÅÄÆ÷µå´ëÇб³ ¹Ì±¹ ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ´ëÇб³ [Çз»çÇ×] ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ´ëÇб³ ´ëÇпø ¼öÇаú ¹Ú»ç ~ 1948 [2023³â ÃֽŠ¹Ì±¹ ÃÖ°íÀÇ °ø´ë ¼øÀ§ Top 30À§] Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ °ø°ú´ëÇб³ ¼öÇаú Çлç [¼ö»ó³»¿ª] 2011 ±¹Á¦Àü±âÀüÀÚÅë½Å ¸í¿¹ÀÇ Àü´ç 1991 ¹Ì±¹ ±¹°¡°úÇлó 1988 ±³Åä»ó 1971 Æ©¸µ»ó [°³¿ä] Á¸ ¸ÅÄ«½Ã(John McCarthy, 1927³â 9¿ù 4ÀÏ ~ 2011³â 10¿ù 24ÀÏ)´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Àü»êÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ ÀÎÁö°úÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸ ¾÷ÀûÀ» ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ¾Æ 1971³â Æ©¸µ»óÀ» ¼ö»óÇß´Ù. ¸®½ºÇÁ ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¹ß¸íÇßÀ¸¸ç, 1956³â¿¡ ´ÙÆ®¸Ó½º ÇÐȸ¿¡¼ óÀ½À¸·Î 'ÀΰøÁö´É'(Artificial Intelligence)À̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î¸¦ â¾ÈÇß´Ù. [»ý¾Ö È°µ¿, Çо÷ ¹× ¼ö»ó ¸í¿¹ µî] Á¸ ¸ÅÄ«½Ã (John McCarthy)´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °úÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ ÀÎÁö °úÇÐÀÚ ¿´´Ù. ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â Àΰø Áö´É ºÐ¾ßÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚ Áß ÇÑ ¸íÀ̾ú´Ù. ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â "Àΰø Áö´É"(AI) À̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î³½ ¹®¼¸¦ °øµ¿ Àú¼úÇß°í, ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö ¾ð¾î °è¿ÀÎ Lisp¸¦ °³¹ßÇßÀ¸¸ç, ALGOL ¾ð¾îÀÇ µðÀÚÀο¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆÀ¸¸ç, ŸÀÓ ½¦¾î¸µÀ» ´ëÁßÈÇß°í, °¡ºñÁö Ä÷º¼ÇÀ» ¹ß¸íÇß´Ù. McCarthy´Â ±×ÀÇ °æ·ÂÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀ» Stanford University¿¡¼ º¸³Â´Ù. [½ºÅÄÆ÷µå ´ëÇб³¼ö, AI½Ã´ë ÇѱÛÀÌ ¼¼°è °ø¿ë¾î µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿¹Ãø] ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â AI ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¿©·Î 1971³â Æ©¸µ»ó(Turing Award), ¹Ì±¹ ±¹°¡ °úÇÐ ¸Þ´Þ(National Medal of Science), ±³Åä»ó(Kyoto Prize) µî ¸¹Àº Âù»ç ¿Í ¿µ¿¹¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. [Á¸ ¸ÅÄ«½Ã(1927-2011): Àΰø Áö´É(¿ÏÀü)] Á¸ ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â 1927³â 9¿ù 4ÀÏ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ÁÖ º¸½ºÅÏ¿¡¼ ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå À̹ÎÀÚ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í ¸®Åõ¾Æ´Ï¾Æ À¯´ëÀÎ À̹ÎÀÚ ¾î¸Ó´Ï »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ž´Ù. ¸ÅÄ«½ÃÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾ÆÁÖ ·Î½º¾ØÁ©·¹½ºÀÇ Amalgamated Clothing Workers¿¡¼ ÀÏÀÚ¸®¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ ¶§±îÁö, ´ë°øȲ ±â°£ µ¿¾È °¡Á·Àº ÀÚÁÖ À̻縦 ´Ù³à¾ß Çß´Ù. ¸ÅÄ«½ÃÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå Äɸ®ÁÖÀÇ ÀÛÀº ¾îÃÌ ¸¶À»ÀÎ Å©·Î¸ÅÀÎ Ãâ½ÅÀ̾ú´Ù. ¸ÅÄ«½ÃÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â 1957³â¿¡ »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â °íµîÇб³¿¡ ÁøÇÐÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ¾î¸°À̸¦ À§ÇÑ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ´ëÁß °úÇмÀû ¹ø¿ªº»À» ÀÐ°í °úÇп¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. õºÎÀûÀÎ Àç´ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´ø McCarthy´Â Belmont °íµîÇб³¸¦ 2³â ÀÏÂï Á¹¾÷ÇÏ¿©, 1943³â 16¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ °íµîÇб³¸¦ Á¶±â Á¹¾÷ÇÏ°í Caltech¿¡ ÇÕ°ÝÇÏ¿©, 1944³â Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ °ø°ú´ëÇп¡ ÀÔÇÐÇß´Ù. [¹Ì±¹´ëÇÐ ¼øÀ§ TOP 30, 2023³â/2024³â US News ¹ßÇ¥] ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â ¼öÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ Å¸°í³ ¼ÒÁúÀ» º¸¿´´Ù. 10´ë ½ÃÀý¿¡ ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â Àα٠Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ °ø°ú´ëÇÐ(Caltech)¿¡¼ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ±³°ú¼¸¦ °øºÎÇÏ¿© ´ëÇÐ ¼öÇÐÀ» ½º½º·Î ÀÍÇû´Ù. ±× °á°ú ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â Caltech¿¡¼ ¼öÇÐÀ» Àü°øÇÑ Ã³À½ 2³âÀ» »©¸ÔÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â üÀ° ¼ö¾÷¿¡ Âü¼®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ Caltech¿¡¼ Á¤ÇРóºÐÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±× ÈÄ ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â ¹Ì±¹ À°±º¿¡ º¹¹«Çß°í ÀçÀÔ´ëÇÏ¿© 1948³â¿¡ ¼öÇÐ Çлç ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. 1948³â 21¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ Çлç Á¹¾÷°ú 51³â 24¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ ´ëÇÐ ¹Ú»ç ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â Àç´É¸¸ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´ø °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â Ä®ÅØ¿¡ µé¾î°¡±â Àü 15¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì µ¿ ´ëÇÐ ¼öÇÐ ±³°ú¼¸¦ °øºÎÇÏ°í ½ÅÀÔ»ýµé¿¡°Ô °ÀÇÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â ´ëÇÐ Áö¿ø¼¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ±ÛÀ» ³²°å´Ù. "Àú´Â ¼öÇÐ ±³¼ö°¡ µÇ°í ½Í½À´Ï´Ù." ÀÌó·³ ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â ¿Á¤°ú õºÎÀûÀÎ ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î ±× Àç´ÉÀ» ²ÉÇÇ¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸ÆÄ«½Ã°¡ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ³ë·Â¿¡ ¿µ°¨À» ÁØ Á¸ Æù ³ëÀ̸¸ÀÇ °ÀǸ¦ ĶÅØ¿¡¼ µé¾ú´Ù. McCarthy´Â 1951³â Donald C. SpencerÀÇ Áöµµ ÇÏ¿¡ "Åõ¿µ ¿¬»êÀÚ ¿Í Æí¹ÌºÐ ¹æÁ¤½Ä" À̶ó´Â ³í¹®À¸·Î ¼öÇÐ ¹Ú»ç ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ±â Àü¿¡ Caltech¿¡¼ ´ëÇпø °úÁ¤À» ¸¶ÃÆ´Ù. ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ ´ëÇаú ½ºÅÄÆ÷µå ´ëÇп¡¼ ´Ü±â ÀÓ¿ëÀ» ¹ÞÀº ÈÄ, 1955³â¿¡ ´ÙÆ®¸Ó½º ´ëÇп¡¼ Á¶±³¼ö°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1³â ÈÄÀÎ 1956³â °¡À», ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â ¿¬±¸¿øÀ¸·Î MIT·Î ¿Å°å´Ù. MIT¿¡¼ÀÇ »ýÈ°À» ¸¶°¨ÇÒ ¹«·Æ, ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â ÀÌ¹Ì Çлýµé¿¡°Ô "Á¸ »ïÃÌ"À̶ó´Â ¾ÖÁ¤ ¾î¸° º°¸íÀ¸·Î ºÒ·È´Ù. ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â 1962³â¿¡ ½ºÅÄÆ÷µå ´ëÇÐÀÇ Á¤±³¼ö°¡ µÇ¾ú°í, 2000³â¿¡ ÀºÅðÇÒ ¶§±îÁö ±×°÷¿¡ ¸Ó¹°·¶´Ù. ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â ¶÷´Ù ¹ÌÀûºÐÇаú °°Àº ¼öÇÐÀ» ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ¿´°í Àΰø Áö´É¿¡¼ »ó½ÄÀ» ±¸ÇöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ³í¸®¸¦ ¹ß¸íÇß´Ù. ['ÀΰøÁö´É'ÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚ] "ÇнÀÀÇ ¸ðµç Ãø¸é, ȤÀº Áö´ÉÀÇ ¸ðµç Ư¼ºÀÌ ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤È®È÷ ±â¼úµÇ¾î¼ À̸¦ ¸ð»çÇÏ´Â ±â°è¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °¡Á¤¿¡ Åä´ë¸¦ µÎ°í ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÁøÇàÇÕ´Ï´Ù." -ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿©¸§ ¿¬±¸ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ® Á¦¾È¼ Áß, 1955³â [ÂùÁ¶ "Only You, And You Alone (1955³â)" Pop] ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â Ä®ÅØ ÇкΠ½ÃÀý Çб³¿¡¼ °³ÃÖµÈ ³ú°úÇÐ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ Çмú ¿¬±¸È¸ÀÎ Èø½¼ ½ÉÆ÷Áö¾ö(Hixon Symposium)¿¡¼ ¿ÀÅ丶Ÿ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æù ³ëÀ̸¸(John Von Neumann)ÀÇ ¹ßÇ¥¿Í ½Å°æ¸Á À̷п¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ö·± ¸ÆÄ÷°(Warren McCulloch)ÀÇ ¹ßÇ¥¸¦ µè°í »ý°¢À» ÇÏ´Â ±â°è¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â ¹®Á¦¸¦ °í¹ÎÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ½É¸®ÇС¤»ý¸®ÇÐÀ» Åä´ë·Î ±â°è¿Í Àΰ£ÀÇ À¯»ç¼ºÀ» ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ¿© ³ú°¡ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â ¿ø¸®¸¦ ¼³°èÇÏ´Â »çÀ̹ö³×ƽ½º ±×·ì¿¡ µé¾î°£ µÚ ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ±¸ÃàÇÏ¿´°í, ±âÁ¸ »çÀ̹ö³×ƽ½º ±×·ìÀÇ À̷аú ´Þ¸® ±â´É À§ÁÖÀÇ 'ÀΰøÁö´É' ¿¬±¸¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ·Á ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ, ½ºÅÄÆ۵带 °ÅÃÄ 1955³â, ´ÙÆ®¸Ó½º ´ëÇÐÀÇ Á¶±³¼ö°¡ µÈ ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â ·ÏÆç·¯ Àç´ÜÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿¬±¸ºñ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ 1956³â 2´Þ µ¿¾È 'Áö´ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ±â°èÀÇ Á¦ÀÛ'À» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î '´ÙÆ®¸Ó½º ȸÀÇ'¸¦ °³ÃÖÇß´Ù. ºñ·Ï ȸÀÇ ÀÚüÀÇ °á°ú¹°Àº ¾ø¾úÁö¸¸, ¹Ì·¡ ÀΰøÁö´É ¿¬±¸ Ä¿¹Â´ÏƼ¸¦ ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â ÀÇÀÇ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. [ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö ¾ð¾î 'Lisp'¸¦ ¸¸µé´Ù.] ÀÌÈÄ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ °ø°ú´ëÇп¡¼ 1958³â ÇÔ¼öÇü ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö ¾ð¾î Lisp¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. LispÀº ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °í±Þ ¾ð¾î Áß µÎ ¹ø°·Î ¿À·¡µÈ ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö ¾ð¾îÀ̸ç, ±× ¸í¼º¿¡ °É¸Â°Ô ¼ö¸¹Àº »çÅõ¸® ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¹èÃâÇß´Ù. AutoLISP, Clojure, Scheme, newLISP, Common Lisp µîÀÌ ±× ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, LispÀº ¿¬»ê ¹× Àç±Í µî¿¡ À¯¿ëÇÑ Æ®¸® µ¥ÀÌÅÍ ±¸Á¶, ÀÚµ¿ ÀúÀå°ø°£ °ü¸®, µ¿Àû ŸÀÌÇÎ, °´Ã¼ÁöÇâ ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö, ÀÚüÀûÀÎ ÄÄÆÄÀÏ·¯ µîÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾î 'ÀΰøÁö´É ¾ð¾î'¶ó°íµµ ºÒ¸°´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ 1962³â ½ºÅÄÆ÷µå ´ëÇÐÀ¸·Î ¼öÇаú Á¤±³¼ö·Î À̵¿ÇÑ ÈÄ ¹Ì ±¹¹æºÎ »êÇÏ °íµî ¿¬±¸ °èȹ±¹ (Advanced Research Projects Agency, ARPA)ÀÇ Áö¿øÇÏ¿¡ ü½ºÇÁ·Î±×·¥ °³¹ß ¹× ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °úÇÐ, ·Îº¿ °øÇÐ, ¿µ»ó °øÇÐ, ÀüÀÚ °øÇÐ µî¿¡¼ ¶Ù¾î³ ¼º°ú¸¦ ³Â´Ù. [°áÈ¥ »ýÈ° µî] McCarthy´Â ¼¼ ¹ø °áÈ¥Çß´Ù. ¸ÆÄ«½ÃÀÇ µÎ ¹ø° ¾Æ³»´Â ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¸ÓÀÌÀÚ »ê¾ÇÀÎÀÎ Vera WatsonÀ¸·Î, 1978³â ¿©¼º È÷¸»¶ó¾ß ¿øÁ¤´ëÀÇ ÀÏ¿øÀ¸·Î Annapurna(ÁߺÎ)¸¦ µî¹ÝÇÏ·Á´Ù »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. [¾È³ªÇª¸£³ª(ÁߺÎ)´Â (¸ÞÀÎ)ÀÇ ¿À¸¥ÂÊ ºÀ¿ì¸®(8,051m)] [Ã߸ð "¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â À̺°" K-Pop] ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â ³ªÁß¿¡ StanfordÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °úÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ ³ªÁß¿¡´Â SRI InternationalÀÇ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °úÇÐÀÚÀÎ Carolyn Talcott°ú °áÈ¥Çß´Ù. ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â ½ºÅÄÆ÷µå ±â³ä ±³È¸¿¡¼ ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬¼³À» ÇÏ¸é¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹«½Å·ÐÀÚ¶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇß´Ù. ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾î¿¡ ´ÉÅëÇß°í ÃßÈÄ¿¡ ¼Ò·ÃÀ» ¿©·¯ ¹ø ¹æ¹®ÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È ·¯½Ã¾Æ °úÇÐÀÚµé°ú Ä£±¸°¡ µÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ¼Ò·Ã ºí·ÏÀ» ¹æ¹®ÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡´Â °Å¸®¸¦ µÎ¾ú°í, ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ º¸¼öÀû °øÈ´ç¿øÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸ÆÄ«½Ã´Â 1968³â ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ Ä§°ø ÀÌÈÄ Ã¼ÄÚ½½·Î¹ÙÅ°¾Æ¸¦ ¹æ¹®ÇÑ ÈÄ º¸¼öÀû °øÈ´ç¿øÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. [»ç¸Á] Á¸ ¸ÅÄ«½Ã´Â 2011³â 10¿ù 24ÀÏ¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ ½Ç¸®Äܹ븮ÀÇ ÆȷξËÅä ÀÚÅÿ¡¼ »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. [Ã߸ð "ÇູÇß´Ù... ¾È³ç" K-Pop] °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î´Â 2000³â ¸»¿¡ ÀºÅðÇßÁö¸¸, ±× µÚ·Îµµ ¿¬±¸ È°µ¿À» ¸ØÃßÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, Á×±â Àü¿¡´Â ÀΰøÁö´É¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»À» ³²±â´Â µî, ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÇ ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ³«°üÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¶óºÃ´Ù. "ÀΰøÁö´ÉÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª »¡¸® ¹ßÀüÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö Á¤È®È÷ ¿¹ÃøÇÏÁö ¸øÇßÁö¸¸, Àû¾îµµ Áö±ÝÀº ³»°¡ »ý°¢ÇÑ °Íº¸´Ù ÁøÀüÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Àΰ£ Áö¼ºÀ» °¡Áø ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¾ò´Â °ÍÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î ¹®Á¦´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù." [¼ö»ó ¹× ¸í¿¹] Æ©¸µ»ó (1971³â) ±³Åä»ó (1988³â) ¹Ì±¹ °úÇÐ ÈÆÀå (1990³â) ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¿ª»ç ¹Ú¹°°üÀÇ È¸¿øÀ¸·Î ÀÔȸ (1999³â) º¥ÀڹΠÇÁ·©Å¬¸° ¸Þ´Þ (2003³â) IEEE ÀÎÅÚ¸®ÀüÆ® ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ AIÀÇ ¸í¿¹ÀÇ Àü´ç (2011³â) - AI¿Í Áö´É ü°è ºÐ¾ß¿¡ Áß´ëÇÑ ±â¿©¸¦ ÇÔ 2012 ½ºÅÄÆÛµå ¿£Áö´Ï¾î¸µ È÷¾î·ÎÁîÀÇ ÇÑ ¸íÀ¸·Î À̸§À» ¿Ã¸² [ÁÖ¿ä Àú¼] McCarthy, J. 1959. Programs with Common Sense. In Proceedings of the Teddington Conference on the Mechanization of Thought Processes, 756-91. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. McCarthy, J. 1960. Recursive functions of symbolic expressions and their computation by machine. Communications of the ACM 3 (4):184-195. McCarthy, J. 1963a A basis for a mathematical theory of computation. In Computer Programming and formal systems. North-Holland. McCarthy, J. 1963b. Situations, actions, and causal laws. Technical report, Stanford University. McCarthy, J., and Hayes, P. J. 1969. Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. In Meltzer, B., and Michie, D., eds., Machine Intelligence 4. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 463-502. McCarthy, J. 1977. Epistemological problems of artificial intelligence. In IJCAI, 1038-1044. McCarthy, J. 1980. Circumscription: A form of non-monotonic reasoning. Artificial Intelligence 13(1-2):23-79. McCarthy, J. 1986. Applications of circumscription to common sense reasoning. Artificial Intelligence 28(1):89-116. McCarthy, J. 1990. Generality in artificial intelligence. In Lifschitz, V., ed., Formalizing Common Sense. Ablex. 226-236. McCarthy, J. 1993. Notes on formalizing context. In IJCAI, 555-562. McCarthy, J., and Buvac, S. 1997. Formalizing context: Expanded notes. In Aliseda, A.; van Glabbeek, R.; and Westerstahl, D., eds., Computing Natural Language. Stanford University. Also available as Stanford Technical Note STAN-CS-TN-94-13. McCarthy, J. 1998. Elaboration tolerance. In Working Papers of the Fourth International Symposium on Logical formalizations of Commonsense Reasoning, Commonsense-1998. Costello, T., and McCarthy, J. 1999. Useful counterfactuals. Electronic Transactions on Artificial Intelligence 3(A):51-76 McCarthy, J. 2002. Actions and other events in situation calculus. In Fensel, D.; Giunchiglia, F.; McGuinness, D.; and Williams, M., eds., Proceedings of KR-2002, 615-628. [ÁÖ: (¸ÅÄ«½ÃÁò) Á¶ÁöÇÁ ·¹ÀÌ¸Õµå ¸ÅÄ«½Ã¿Í´Â Ʋ¸° Àι°ÀÌ´Ù. 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Á¸ ¸ÆÄ«½Ã(John McCarthy, ±³¼ö, AI â¾ÈÀÚ, USA)ÀÇ ¾ç½É(Conscience) µî±Þ(Grade)À» A(¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼ö), B(¿ì¼ö), C(º¸Åë), D(³·À½) ·Î Grading ÇÑ´Ù¸é, Á¸ ¸ÆÄ«½Ã(John McCarthy, ±³¼ö, AI â¾ÈÀÚ, USA)ÀÇ ¾ç½Éµî±Þ(Conscience Grade)Àº? °³ÀÎÀÇ ¾ç½É µî±ÞÀº ÁÖ°üÀûÀÌ¸ç ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼ ÆÇ´ÜÇϱ⠾î·Æ½À´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Á¸ ¸ÆÄ«½ÃÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ Á¤º¸³ª Æò°¡°¡ Á¦°øµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½É µî±ÞÀ» ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¾ç½ÉÀº °³ÀÎÀÇ µµ´öÀû °¡Ä¡, Çൿ, ½Å³ä µî¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çü¼ºµÇ¸ç, À̸¦ ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î ÀÏÀÔ´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½É µî±ÞÀ» Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Æò°¡Çϰųª ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ³»¸± ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ========================================== John McCarthy [Born] September 4, 1927 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. [Died] October 24, 2011 (aged 84) Stanford, California, U.S. [Residence] United States [Nationality] American [Fields] Computer technology [Institutions] Stanford University; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Dartmouth College; Princeton University [Alma mater] Princeton University; California Institute of Technology [Doctoral advisor] Solomon Lefschetz [Doctoral students] Ruzena Bajcsy Randall Davis Cordell Green Ramanathan V. Guha Barbara Liskov Robert Moore Francis Morris Raj Reddy Donald Kaplan Eyal Amir Aarati Parmar Martino [Known for] Artificial intelligence; Lisp; Circumscription; Situation calculus [Notable awards] Turing Award (1971) Computer Pioneer Award (1985) IJCAI Award for Research Excellence (1985) Kyoto Prize (1988) National Medal of Science (1990) Benjamin Franklin Medal (2003) John McCarthy (September 4, 1927~ October 24, 2011) was an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist. McCarthy was one of the founders of the discipline of artificial intelligence. He coined the term "artificial intelligence" (AI), developed the Lisp programming language family, significantly influenced the design of the ALGOL programming language, popularized timesharing, and was very influential in the early development of AI. McCarthy received many accolades and honors, such as the Turing Award for his contributions to the topic of AI, the United States National Medal of Science, and the Kyoto Prize. [Personal life and education] John McCarthy was born in Boston, Massachusetts on September 4, 1927 to an Irish immigrant father and a Lithuanian Jewish immigrant mother,John Patrick and Ida Glatt McCarthy. The family was obliged to relocate frequently during the Great Depression, until McCarthy's father found work as an organizer for the Amalgamated Clothing Workers in Los Angeles, California. His father, John Patrick, came from the fishing village of Cromane in County Kerry, Ireland.His mother, Ida, passed away in 1957. McCarthy was exceptionally intelligent, and graduated from Belmont High School two years early. He showed an early aptitude for mathematics; during his teens he taught himself college mathematics by studying the textbooks used at the nearby California Institute of Technology (Caltech). As a result, when McCarthy was accepted into Caltech in 1944, he was able to skip the first two years of mathematics. [Artificial intelligence father-John McCarthy] McCarthy was suspended from Caltech for failure to attend physical education courses; he then served in the US Army and was readmitted, receiving a B.S. in Mathematics in 1948. It was at Caltech that he attended a lecture by John von Neumann that inspired his future endeavors. McCarthy initially continued his studies at Caltech. He received a Ph.D. in Mathematics from Princeton University in 1951 as a student of Solomon Lefschetz. McCarthy was married three times. His second wife was Vera Watson, a programmer and mountaineer who died in 1978 attempting to scale Annapurna I as part of an all-women expedition organised by Arlene Blum. He later married Carolyn Talcott, a computer scientist at Stanford and later SRI International. McCarthy considered himself an atheist. Raised as a Communist, after experiencing the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 he became a conservative Republican. McCarthy died at his home in Stanford on October 14, 2011. (from naver.com wikipedia.org, CWN(¼¾Æ®·²¿ùµå´º½º), Ãßõ À¯Æ©ºê µ¿¿µ»ó, ** Selected & Recommended Youtube Videos are shown. **) Computer, CA, Cognitive, Caltech, influence(+)~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C+
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