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David James Thouless, ±³¼ö
2016³â ³ëº§¹°¸®Çлó °øµ¿¼ö»ó(3¸í)
µ¥À̺ñµå Á¦ÀÓ½º »ç¿ï¸®½º David James Thouless [Ãâ»ý] 1934³â 9¿ù 21ÀÏ ºñ¾î½ºµ§, ¿µ±¹ [°ÅÁÖÁö] ¹Ì±¹ [±¹Àû] ¿µ±¹ [ºÐ¾ß] ÀÀÁý¹°Áú¹°¸®ÇÐ [¼Ò¼Ó] UC ¹öŬ¸® ¹ö¹Ö¾ö ´ëÇб³ ¿ö½ÌÅÏ ´ëÇб³ [Ãâ½Å ´ëÇÐ] Trinity Hall, Cambridge ÄÚ³Ú ´ëÇб³ [Áöµµ ±³¼ö] Çѽº º£Å× [ÁÖ¿ä ¾÷Àû] Kosterlitz–Thouless Àüȯ »ç¿ï¸®½º ¿¡³ÊÁö À§»ó ¾çÀÚ¼ö [°æ·Â»çÇ×] ¹Ì±¹ ¿ö½ÌÅÏ´ëÇб³ ¹°¸®ÇÐ ¸í¿¹±³¼ö 1980 ¹Ì±¹ ¿ö½ÌÅÏ´ëÇб³ ¹°¸®ÇÐ ±³¼ö 1965 ~ 1978 ¿µ±¹ ¹ö¹Ö¾ö´ëÇб³ ¼ö¸®¹°¸®ÇÐ ±³¼ö [Çз»çÇ×] ~ 1958 ÄÚ³Ú´ëÇб³ ´ëÇпø ¹Ú»ç ~ 1955 ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö´ëÇб³ Çлç ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö´ëÇб³ Æ®¸®´ÏƼȦ´ëÇÐ À©Ã¼½ºÅÍ´ëÇÐ [¼ö»ó] ¸ß½ºÀ£»ó(1973) ¿ïÇÁ¹°¸®Çлó(1990) ¶ó¸£½º ¿Â»ç°Ô¸£»ó(2000) ³ëº§ ¹°¸®Çлó(2016)
µ¥À̺ñµå Á¦ÀÓ½º »ç¿ï¸®½º(1934³â 9¿ù 21ÀÏ ~ )´Â ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ÀÀÁý¹°Áú¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ¿ïÇÁ»ó ¼ö»óÀÚÀÌ¸ç ¶ÇÇÑ À§»ó »óÀüÀÌ¿Í ¹°ÁúÀÇ À§»óÀû »óÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀû ¹ß°ßÀ» ÅëÇØ ´øÄÁ Ȧµ¥ÀÎ, ¸¶ÀÌŬ ÄÚ½ºÅи®Ã÷¿Í ÇÔ²² 2016³â ³ëº§ ¹°¸®ÇлóÀ» ¼ö»óÇÏ¿´´Ù. [»ý¾Ö] À©Ã¼½ºÅÍ Ä®¸®Áö, Trinity Hall, Cambridge (BA)¿¡¼ ±³À°À» ¹Þ°í ÄÚ³Ú ´ëÇб³¿¡¼ Çѽº º£Å׹ؿ¡¼ ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±× ÈÄ UC ¹öŬ¸®¿¡¼ ¹Ú»çÈÄ °úÁ¤À» °ÅÄ¡°í 1980³â ½Ã¾ÖƲ ¿ö½ÌÅÏ ´ëÇб³ ¹°¸®ÇÐ ±³¼ö°¡ µÇ±âÀü±îÁö ¿µ±¹ ¹ö¹Ö¾ö ´ëÇб³¿¡¼ ¼ö¸® ¹°¸®ÇÐ ±³¼ö¿´´Ù. ¿øÀÚ, ÀüÀÚ, ±×¸®°í ÇÙÀÚÀÇ È®ÀåµÈ ü°è¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϴµ¥ ¼ö¸¹Àº ÀÌ·ÐÀû ±â¿©¸¦ ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÃÊÀüµµ Çö»ó, ÇÙ¹°ÁúÀÇ ¼ºÁú°ú ¿øÀÚÇÙ ³»¿¡¼ÀÇ excited collective motions µîÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ ¼º°ú¸¦ °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù. ¿Õ¸³ÇÐȸ¿Í ¹Ì±¹ ¹°¸®ÇÐȸ, ¹Ì±¹ ¿¹¼ú °úÇÐ ¾ÆÄ«µ¥¹ÌÀÇ È¸¿øÀÌ°í, ¶ÇÇÑ Àü¹Ì°úÇоÆÄ«µ¥¹ÌÀÇ ¸â¹öÀÌ´Ù. 1990³â ¿ïÇÁ»ó ¹°¸®ÇÐ ºÎ¹®À» ¼ö»óÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ 1993³â IOP(Institute of Physics)ÀÇ Æú µð·¢ ¸Þ´ÞÀ», 2000³â ¹Ì±¹ ¹°¸®ÇÐȸÀÇ ¶ó¸£½º ¿Â»ç°Ô¸£ »óÀ», 2016³â ³ëº§ ¹°¸®ÇлóÀ» ¼ö»óÇÏ¿´´Ù. [ÃâÆǹ°] J. M. Kosterlitz & D. J. Thouless, "Ordering, metastability and phase transitions in two-dimensional systems", Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, Vol. 6 pages 1181-1203 (1973) D. Thouless, M. Kohmoto, M. Nightingale & M. den Nijs, "Quantized Hall Conductance in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Potential", Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 405 (1982). Topological Quantum Numbers in Nonrelativistic Physics, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd, 1998 The quantum mechanics of many-body systems (Pure and applied physics series), Academic Press, 1972 ----------------------------------------- David Thouless, Emeritus Professor [Work Address] 3910 15th Ave NE Physics and Astronomy Building (PAB) Seattle, WA 98195 ----------------------------- ³ëº§»óÀ§¿øȸ´Â 2016³â ¹°¸®ÇÐ ºÎ¹® ¼ö»óÀÚ·Î µ¥À̺ñµå »ç¿ï¸®½º(David J. Thouless) ¹Ì±¹ ¿ö½ÌÅÏ´ë ±³¼ö, ´øÄÁ Ȧµ¥ÀÎ(F. Duncan M. Haldane) ¹Ì±¹ ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ´ë ±³¼ö, ¸¶ÀÌŬ ÄÚ½ºÅи®Ã÷(J. Michael Kosterlitz) ¹Ì±¹ ºê¶ó¿î´ë ±³¼ö¸¦ ¼±Á¤Çß´Ù. À̵éÀº ¿úȦÀÌ ÇüŸ¦ À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µµ¿ÍÁÖ´Â ¹°ÁúÀÎ ¡®º°³ ¹°Áú(exotic matter)¡¯À» ¼öÇÐÀû ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¼³¸íÇÑ °ø·Î·Î 2016³â ³ëº§ ¹°¸®ÇлóÀ» °Å¸ÓÁã¾ú´Ù. º°³ ¹°ÁúÀº 0º¸´Ù ÀÛ°í À½ÀÇ ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ °®´Â ¹°Áú·Î, ÀÎÅͽºÅÚ¶ó·Îµµ À¯¸íÇÑ Åµ ¼ÕÀÌ ¸í¸íÇß´Ù. [À̵¥Àϸ®] ¿ÃÇØ ³ëº§¹°¸®ÇлóÀº ¹°ÁúÀÇ À§»ó »óÀüÀÌ Çö»óÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀû Åä´ë¸¦ ´ÛÀº ¿µ±¹ÀÎ °úÇÐÀÚ 3¸í¿¡°Ô µ¹¾Æ°¬´Ù. ½º¿þµ§ ¿Õ¸³°úÇпø ³ëº§À§¿øȸ´Â 4ÀÏ(ÇöÁö½Ã°£) ¹°ÁúÀÇ À§»ó »óÀüÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ °íü¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚ µ¥À̺ñµå »ç¿ï¸®½º(David J. Thouless), ´øÄ È¦µ¥ÀÎ(F. Duncan M. Haldane), ¸¶ÀÌŬ ÄÚ½ºÅ»¸®Ã÷(J. Michael Kosterlitz) 3¸íÀ» 2016³â ³ëº§¹°¸®Çлó ¼ö»óÀÚ·Î ¼±Á¤Çß´Ù. ¼ö»óÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â 800¸¸ Å©·Î³×(¾à 11¾ï¿ø)ÀÇ »ó±ÝÀÌ ¼ö¿©µÈ´Ù. »ç¿ï¸®½º¿¡ »ó±ÝÀÇ ¹ÝÀÌ µ¹¾Æ°¡°í, µÎ ¸íÀÌ »ó±ÝÀÇ ¹ÝÀ» ³ª´² °®´Â´Ù. ³ëº§À§¿øȸ´Â ¡°À̵éÀ» ¡®À§»óÀû »óÀüÀÌ (topological phase transition)¿Í ¹°ÁúÀÇ À§»óÀû »ó (topological phases of matter)À» ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß°ßÇÑ °ø·Î¡¯·Î ³ëº§»ó ¼ö»óÀÚ·Î ¼±Á¤Çß´Ù¡±°í ¹àÇû´Ù. À§¿øȸ´Â ¡°À̵éÀº ÃÊÀüµµÃ¼, ÃÊÀ¯µ¿Ã¼, ¾ãÀº ÀÚ±âÇʸ§°ú °°Àº ¹°Áú »óŸ¦ ¿¬±¸Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼öÇÐÀû ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÄ×´Ù¡±°í ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. À̵é 3¸íÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¹°ÁúÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¹àÇô³Â´Ù. µ¥À̺ñµå »ç¿ï¸®½º¿Í ¸¶ÀÌŬ ÄÚ½ºÅ»¸®Ã÷´Â ½º½Â°ú Á¦ÀÚÀÇ °ü°è·Î, 2Â÷¿ø¿¡¼ÀÇ »óÀüÀ̸¦ ¿¬±¸Çß´Ù. ´øÄ È¦µ¥ÀÎÀº 1Â÷¿øÀÇ »óÀüÀ̸¦ ¿¬±¸Çß´Ù. À̵éÀº 1970³â´ëºÎÅÍ ¹°ÁúÀÇ À§»óÀû »óÀüÀÌ Çö»óÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¸é¼ ¹ÌÁöÀÇ ¹°ÁúÀ» ¹àÇô³»´Âµ¥ Å« °øÀ» ¼¼¿ü´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹°Àº ¿Âµµ°¡ ³»·Á°¡¸é °íü°¡ µÇ°í ¿Ã¶ó°¡¸é ±âü°¡ µÇ´Â Çö»óÀ» »óÀüÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â 3Â÷¿ø¿¡¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Çö»óÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ 2Â÷¿ø¿¡¼´Â °íü-¾×ü-±âü µî Åë³äÀûÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çß´ø »óÀüÀÌ°¡ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê°í, ¹°ÁúÀÌ ´Ù¸£°Ô º¯ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÔÁõÇß´Ù. 2Â÷¿øÀÇ Á¶°Ç¿¡¼ XYÃàÀ¸·Î ³ªÄ§¹ÝÀ» Æò¸é¿¡ ¹è¿ÇسõÀº °æ¿ì ÇÑ ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¼Ò¿ëµ¹ÀÌ°¡ »ý±â°í ±× ¹Ý´ë¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¼Ò¿ëµ¹ÀÌ°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹àÇô³Â´Ù. °¹°Àº À§¿¡¼ ¾Æ·¡·Î Èê·¯°¡Áö¸¸ ÀϺο¡¼´Â ¼Ò¿ëµ¹ÀÌ°¡ »ý±âµíÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»ó, Áï °áÇÔÀ¸·Î ¹Û¿¡ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â »óÀüÀÌ°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÀüÀ̸¦ ÅëÇØ ¾î¶² ¹°ÁúÀº Àý¿¬Ã¼°¡ µÇ°í ÃÊÀüµµÃ¼°¡ µÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ »ç¿ï¸®½º´Â 1972³â ¿¬±¸ ³í¹®À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇßÀ» ´ç½ÃºÎÅÍ ³ëº§»óÀ» ¹ÞÀ» °Å¶ó´Â ¿¹»óÀÌ Áö¹èÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö ¡®BKT¡¯ ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î ºÒ¸®¸ç ³Î¸® ÀοëµÇ´Â ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº 2Â÷¿ø¿¡¼ÀÇ »óÀüÀÌ Çö»óÀ» ±Ô¸íÇÏ´Â Åä´ë¸¦ ´ÙÁ³´Ù. ÄÚ½ºÅ»¸®Ã÷ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚÀÎ ÀÌÁÖ¿µ °íµî°úÇпø ±³¼ö´Â ¡°±×µ¿¾È 2Â÷¿ø¿¡¼´Â »óÀüÀÌ°¡ ÀϾ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ÀÇ°ßÀÌ Áö¹èÀûÀ̾ú´Ù¡±¸ç ¡°ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̵éÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÅëÇØ 2Â÷¿ø¿¡¼µµ »óÀüÀÌ Çö»óÀÌ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î Áõ¸íµÆ´Ù¡±°í ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. --------------------------------------------
David Thouless
[Born] 21 September 1934 (age 82) Bearsden, Scotland [Residence] United States [Nationality] Scottish American [Fields] Condensed matter physics [Institutions] University of California, Berkeley Birmingham University University of Washington [Alma mater] Trinity Hall, Cambridge Cornell University Doctoral advisor Hans Bethe [Known for] Kosterlitz–Thouless transition Thouless energy Topological quantum numbers [Notable awards] Maxwell Medal and Prize (1973) Lars Onsager Prize (2000) Nobel Prize in Physics (2016) ------------------------------ David James Thouless (born 21 September 1934) is a condensed-matter physicist, Wolf Prize winner and winner of the 2016 Nobel Prize for physics. Thouless earned his PhD at Cornell University under Hans Bethe. He was a professor of mathematical physics at Birmingham University in the United Kingdom before becoming a professor of physics at the University of Washington in Seattle in 1980. Thouless has made many theoretical contributions to the understanding of extended systems of atoms and electrons, and of nucleons. His work includes work on superconductivity phenomena, properties of nuclear matter, and excited collective motions within nuclei. Thouless is a Fellow of the Royal Society, Fellow of the American Physical Society, Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Among his awards are the Wolf Prize for Physics (1990), the Paul Dirac Medal of the Institute of Physics (1993), the Lars Onsager Prize of the American Physical Society (2000), and the Nobel Prize in Physics (2016). [Selected Publications] J. M. Kosterlitz & D. J. Thouless, "Ordering, metastability and phase transitions in two-dimensional systems", Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, Vol. 6 pages 1181-1203 (1973) D. Thouless, M. Kohmoto, M. Nightingale & M. den Nijs, "Quantized Hall Conductance in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Potential", Phys. Rev. Lett. 49, 405 (1982). Topological Quantum Numbers in Nonrelativistic Physics, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd, 1998 The quantum mechanics of many-body systems (Pure and applied physics series), Academic Press, 1972 =========================================== Press Release: The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 4 October 2016 The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physics 2016 with one half to David J. Thouless University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA and the other half to F. Duncan M. Haldane Princeton University, NJ, USA and J. Michael Kosterlitz Brown University, Providence, RI, USA ¡±for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter¡± They revealed the secrets of exotic matter This year¡¯s Laureates opened the door on an unknown world where matter can assume strange states. They have used advanced mathematical methods to study unusual phases, or states, of matter, such as superconductors, superfluids or thin magnetic films. Thanks to their pioneering work, the hunt is now on for new and exotic phases of matter. Many people are hopeful of future applications in both materials science and electronics. The three Laureates¡¯ use of topological concepts in physics was decisive for their discoveries. Topology is a branch of mathematics that describes properties that only change step-wise. Using topology as a tool, they were able to astound the experts. In the early 1970s, Michael Kosterlitz and David Thouless overturned the then current theory that superconductivity or suprafluidity could not occur in thin layers. They demonstrated that superconductivity could occur at low temperatures and also explained the mechanism, phase transition, that makes superconductivity disappear at higher temperatures. In the 1980s, Thouless was able to explain a previous experiment with very thin electrically conducting layers in which conductance was precisely measured as integer steps. He showed that these integers were topological in their nature. At around the same time, Duncan Haldane discovered how topological concepts can be used to understand the properties of chains of small magnets found in some materials. We now know of many topological phases, not only in thin layers and threads, but also in ordinary three-dimensional materials. Over the last decade, this area has boosted frontline research in condensed matter physics, not least because of the hope that topological materials could be used in new generations of electronics and superconductors, or in future quantum computers. Current research is revealing the secrets of matter in the exotic worlds discovered by this year¡¯s Nobel Laureates. (from naver.com wikipedia.org)
Condensed-matter, Cornell, influence(+)~ (PIG: time-variant)
Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C+
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