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¸¸µ¨¶ó-Nelson Mandela, ³ëº§»ó, South Africa
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±×¶ó»ç ¸¶¼Ð (1998-2013)



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Mandela, 1918³â 7¿ù 18ÀÏ ~ 2013³â 12¿ù 5
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--------------------------------------

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela

President of South Africa
In office: 10 May 1994 – 14 June 1999

[Born] 18 July 1918
Mvezo, Cape Province, South Africa
[Died] 5 December 2013 (aged 95)
Johannesburg, South Africa

[Nationality] South African
[Political party] African National Congress

[Spouse(s)] Evelyn Ntoko Mase
(m. 1944–1957; divorced)
Winnie Madikizela
(m. 1958–1996; divorced)
Graca Machel
(m. 1998–2013; his death)

[Children]
Madiba Thembekile Mandela
Makaziwe Mandela
Makgatho Lewanika Mandela
Makaziwe Mandela
Zenani Mandela
Zindziswa Mandela

[Residence]
Houghton Estate,
Johannesburg, Gauteng,
South Africa

[Religion] Christianity (Methodism)

Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
(18 July 1918 – 5 December
2013) was a South African
anti-apartheid revolutionary
who was imprisoned and then
became a politician and
philanthropist who served as
President of South Africa
from 1994 to 1999.

He was the first black South
African to hold the office,
and the first elected in a
fully representative election.
His government focused on dismantling the legacy of
apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism,
poverty and inequality,
and fostering racial reconciliation.

Politically an African nationalist and
democratic socialist, he served as the President of
the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to
1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary
General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999.

A Xhosa born to the Thembu
royal family, Mandela
attended the Fort Hare
University and the
University of Witwatersrand,
where he studied law. Living
in Johannesburg, he became
involved in anti-colonial
politics, joining the ANC
and becoming a founding
member of its Youth League.
After the South African
National Party came to power
in 1948, he rose to
prominence in the ANC's 1952
Defiance Campaign, was
appointed superintendent of
the organisation's Transvaal
chapter and presided over
the 1955 Congress of the
People. Working as a lawyer,
he was repeatedly arrested
for seditious activities
and, with the ANC
leadership, was
unsuccessfully prosecuted in
the Treason Trial from 1956
to 1961. Although initially
committed to non-violent
protest, he co-founded the
militant Umkhonto we Sizwe
(MK) in 1961 in association
with the South African
Communist Party, leading a
sabotage campaign against
the apartheid government. In
1962 he was arrested,
convicted of conspiracy to
overthrow the government,
and sentenced to life
imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial.

Mandela served 27 years in
prison, initially on Robben
Island, and later in
Pollsmoor Prison and Victor
Verster Prison.
An international campaign
lobbied for his release,
which was granted in 1990
amid escalating civil strife.
Mandela published his
autobiography and opened
negotiations with President
F.W. de Klerk to abolish
apartheid and establish
multiracial elections in
1994, in which he led the
ANC to victory. As South
Africa's first black
president Mandela formed a
Government of National Unity
in an attempt to defuse
racial tension.
He also promulgated a new
constitution and created the
Truth and Reconciliation
Commission to investigate
past human rights abuses.
Continuing the former
government's liberal
economic policy, his
administration introduced
measures to encourage land
reform, combat poverty, and
expand healthcare services.
Internationally, he acted as
mediator between Libya and
the United Kingdom in the
Pan Am Flight 103 bombing
trial, and oversaw military
intervention in Lesotho.

He declined to run for a
second term, and was
succeeded by his deputy,
Thabo Mbeki. Mandela
subsequently became an elder
statesman, focusing on
charitable work in combating
poverty and HIV/AIDS through
the Nelson Mandela
Foundation.

Although Mandela was a
controversial figure for
much of his life, he became
widely popular following his
release. Despite a minority
of critics who continued to
denounce him as a communist
sympathiser and terrorist,
he gained international
acclaim for his activism,
having received more than
250 honours, including the
1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the
US Presidential Medal of
Freedom, the Soviet Order of
Lenin, and the Bharat Ratna.
He is held in deep respect
within South Africa, where
he is often referred to by
his Xhosa clan name, Madiba,
or as Tata ("Father"); he is
often described as "the
father of the nation".

(from naver.com wikipedia.org)


Congress, Cape province ~
(PIG: time-variant)

Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C


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