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¸¸µ¨¶ó-Nelson Mandela, ³ëº§»ó, South Africa | ||
Àü ±¹Á¦±â°ü´ÜüÀÎ, Àü Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ ³ëº§ ÆòÈ»ó ¼ö»ó (1993³â) ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °øȱ¹ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÈæÀÎ ´ëÅë·É [Ãâ»ý] 1918³â 7¿ù 18ÀÏ(³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°øȱ¹) [»ç¸Á] 2013³â 12¿ù 5ÀÏ (95¼¼) ³²¼º °ÔÀÚ¸® ¸»¶ì [ÇзÂ] ºñÆ®¿öÅͽº·£µå´ëÇб³ ¹ýÇÐ ÇÐ»ç ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«´ëÇб³ Çлç [¼ö»ó] 2006³â ±¹Á¦ ¾Ú³×½ºÆ¼ ¾ç½É´ë»ç»ó 1993³â ³ëº§ ÆòÈ»ó 1983 À¯³×½ºÄÚ ½Ã¸ó º¼¸®¹Ù ±¹Á¦»ó 1981 ºê·ç³ë Å©¶óÀ̽ºÅ° Àαǻó 1979 ÀÚ¿ÍÇÒ¶ö³×·ç»ó [°æ·Â] 1998.09~1999.06 ºñµ¿¸Í¿îµ¿ »ç¹«ÃÑÀå 1994.05 ~ 1999.06 ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°øȱ¹ ´ëÅë·É 1991 ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¹ÎÁ·È¸ÀÇ ÀÇÀå --------------------------------------- ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °øȱ¹ÀÇ Á¦8´ë ´ëÅë·É [ÀÓ±â] 1994³â 5¿ù 10ÀÏ~1999³â 6¿ù 14ÀÏ [ºÎÅë·É] ÇÁ·¹µ¥¸®Å© ºô·½ µ¥ Ŭ·¹¸£Å© Ÿº¸ À½º£Å° [ÀüÀÓ] ÇÁ·¹µ¥¸®Å© ºô·½ Ŭ·¹¸£Å©(Á¦7´ë) [ÈÄÀÓ] Ÿº¸ À½º£Å°(Á¦9´ë) [Ãâ»ýÀÏ] 1918³â 7¿ù 18ÀÏ [Ãâ»ýÁö] ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °øȱ¹ ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¿¬¹æ ¹«º£Á¶ (Muvezo), ¿òŸŸ, À½º£Á¶, Æ®¶õ½ºÄÉÀÌ [»ç¸ÁÀÏ] 2013³â 12¿ù 5ÀÏ (95¼¼) [»ç¸ÁÁö] ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °øȱ¹ ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °ø ȱ¹, ÇÏ¿ìÅÞ ÁÖ, ¿äÇϳ׽º¹ö±× [Á¤´ç] ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¹ÎÁ·È¸ÀÇ(ANC) [ÇзÂ] Æ÷Æ® Çì¾î ´ëÇб³ ·±´ø ´ëÇб³ ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³Î ÇÁ·Î±×·¥ ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ´ëÇб³ À§Æ®¿öÅͽº·£µå ´ëÇб³ [Á¾±³] °¨¸®±³ [¹è¿ìÀÚ] ¿¡ºí¸° ÀºÅäÄÚ ¸ÞÀÌÁî (1944-1957; ÀÌÈ¥ÇÔ) À§´Ï ¸¶µðÅ°Á©¶ó (1958-1996; ÀÌÈ¥ÇÔ) ±×¶ó»ç ¸¶¼Ð (1998-2013) ³Ú½¼ ·Ñ¸®¶ö¶ó ¸¸µ¨¶ó (Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, 1918³â 7¿ù 18ÀÏ ~ 2013³â 12¿ù 5 ÀÏ)´Â ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °øȱ¹¿¡¼ Æòµî ¼±°Å ½Ç ½Ã ÈÄ »ÌÈù ¼¼°è ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÈæÀÎ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÌ´Ù. ´ëÅë·ÉÀ¸·Î ´ç¼±µÇ±â Àü¿¡ ±×´Â, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¹ÎÁ·È¸ÀÇ(ANC)ÀÇ ÁöµµÀڷμ ¹Ý¾ÆÆĸ£Æ®Çì ÀÌÆ®¿îµ¿ Áï, ³²¾Æ°ø ¿¾ ¹éÀÎÁ¤±ÇÀÇ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷ º°¿¡ ¸Â¼± ÅõÀïÀ» ÁöµµÇß´Ù. ¹Ý¿ªÁ˷ΠüÆ÷µÇ¾î Á¾½ÅÇüÀ» ¼±°í ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸ ³ª, 26³â ¸¸ÀÎ 1990³â 2¿ù 11ÀÏ¿¡ Ãâ¼ÒÇß ´Ù. 1994³â 4¿ù 27ÀÏ ½Ç½ÃµÈ ¼±°Å¿¡¼ ANC ´Â 62%¸¦ µæÇ¥ÇÏ¿© ANCÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚÀÎ ³Ú½¼ ¸¸ µ¨¶ó´Â 1994³â 5¿ù 27ÀÏ ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °øÈ ±¹ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÈæÀÎ ´ëÅë·ÉÀ¸·Î ÃëÀÓÇÏ¿´°í Áø ½Ç°ú ÈÇØÀ§¿øȸ(TRC)¸¦ °á¼ºÇÏ¿© ¿ë¼¿Í ÈÇظ¦ °Á¶ÇÏ´Â °ú°Å»ç û»êÀ» ½Ç½ÃÇß´Ù. TRC´Â ¼º°øȸ ÁÖ±³ÀÎ µ¥½º¸óµå ÅõÅõ ÁÖ±³ °¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¼ö¸¹Àº °ú°Å»ç °ü·Ã ÀÚ·á µéÀ» ¼öÁýÇÏ¿© Á¶»çÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º° ½ÃÀý ÈæÀεéÀÇ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º° ¹Ý´ëÅõÀï À» ÈÇü, ÃÑ»ìµîÀÇ ÀܾÇÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ź¾Ð ÇÑ ±¹°¡Æø·Â °¡ÇØÀÚ°¡ Áø½ÉÀ¸·Î Á˸¦ °í¹é ÇÏ°í ´µ¿ìÄ£´Ù¸é »ç¸éÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ³ªÁß¿¡´Â °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ º¸»óÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö±âµµ Çß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÇÇÇØÀÚ °¡Á·µéÀÇ ¿äû¿¡ µû¶ó ÇÇÇØÀÚ ¹«´ý ¿¡ ºñ¼®À» ¼¼¿öÁÜÀ¸·Î½á, ¾ÆÆĸ£Æ®ÇìÀÌÆ® ½ÃÀýÀÇ ±¹°¡Æø·Â ÇÇÇØÀÚµéÀÌ ÀØÇôÁö´Â ÀÏ ÀÌ ¾øµµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Àú¼·Î ´º¿å ŸÀÓ½º°¡ »ÌÀº 20¼¼±â ÃÖ°íÀÇ Ã¥¿¡ ¼±Á¤µÈ¡¶ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ÇâÇÑ ±ä ¿©Á¤¡·ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 2013³â 12¿ù 5ÀÏ 95¼¼¸¦ Àϱâ·Î Ÿ°èÇß´Ù. -------------------------------------- Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela President of South Africa In office: 10 May 1994 – 14 June 1999 [Born] 18 July 1918 Mvezo, Cape Province, South Africa [Died] 5 December 2013 (aged 95) Johannesburg, South Africa [Nationality] South African [Political party] African National Congress [Spouse(s)] Evelyn Ntoko Mase (m. 1944–1957; divorced) Winnie Madikizela (m. 1958–1996; divorced) Graca Machel (m. 1998–2013; his death) [Children] Madiba Thembekile Mandela Makaziwe Mandela Makgatho Lewanika Mandela Makaziwe Mandela Zenani Mandela Zindziswa Mandela [Residence] Houghton Estate, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa [Religion] Christianity (Methodism) Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (18 July 1918 – 5 December 2013) was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary who was imprisoned and then became a politician and philanthropist who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the first black South African to hold the office, and the first elected in a fully representative election. His government focused on dismantling the legacy of apartheid through tackling institutionalised racism, poverty and inequality, and fostering racial reconciliation. Politically an African nationalist and democratic socialist, he served as the President of the African National Congress (ANC) from 1991 to 1997. Internationally, Mandela was the Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1998 to 1999. A Xhosa born to the Thembu royal family, Mandela attended the Fort Hare University and the University of Witwatersrand, where he studied law. Living in Johannesburg, he became involved in anti-colonial politics, joining the ANC and becoming a founding member of its Youth League. After the South African National Party came to power in 1948, he rose to prominence in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign, was appointed superintendent of the organisation's Transvaal chapter and presided over the 1955 Congress of the People. Working as a lawyer, he was repeatedly arrested for seditious activities and, with the ANC leadership, was unsuccessfully prosecuted in the Treason Trial from 1956 to 1961. Although initially committed to non-violent protest, he co-founded the militant Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in 1961 in association with the South African Communist Party, leading a sabotage campaign against the apartheid government. In 1962 he was arrested, convicted of conspiracy to overthrow the government, and sentenced to life imprisonment in the Rivonia Trial. Mandela served 27 years in prison, initially on Robben Island, and later in Pollsmoor Prison and Victor Verster Prison. An international campaign lobbied for his release, which was granted in 1990 amid escalating civil strife. Mandela published his autobiography and opened negotiations with President F.W. de Klerk to abolish apartheid and establish multiracial elections in 1994, in which he led the ANC to victory. As South Africa's first black president Mandela formed a Government of National Unity in an attempt to defuse racial tension. He also promulgated a new constitution and created the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to investigate past human rights abuses. Continuing the former government's liberal economic policy, his administration introduced measures to encourage land reform, combat poverty, and expand healthcare services. Internationally, he acted as mediator between Libya and the United Kingdom in the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial, and oversaw military intervention in Lesotho. He declined to run for a second term, and was succeeded by his deputy, Thabo Mbeki. Mandela subsequently became an elder statesman, focusing on charitable work in combating poverty and HIV/AIDS through the Nelson Mandela Foundation. Although Mandela was a controversial figure for much of his life, he became widely popular following his release. Despite a minority of critics who continued to denounce him as a communist sympathiser and terrorist, he gained international acclaim for his activism, having received more than 250 honours, including the 1993 Nobel Peace Prize, the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Soviet Order of Lenin, and the Bharat Ratna. He is held in deep respect within South Africa, where he is often referred to by his Xhosa clan name, Madiba, or as Tata ("Father"); he is often described as "the father of the nation". (from naver.com wikipedia.org) Congress, Cape province ~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C
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