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Napoleon I, Napoleon Bonaparte



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Napoleon Bonaparte

[Born] 15 August 1769
Ajaccio, Corsica, France

[Died] 5 May 1821 (aged 51)
Longwood, Saint Helena

[Burial] Les Invalides, Paris, France
[Religion] Roman Catholicism

[Emperor of the French]
[1st reign] 18 May 1804 – 11 April 1814
[Coronation] 2 December 1804
[2nd reign] 20 March 1815 – 22 June
1815

[King of Italy]
[Reign] 17 March 1805 – 11 April 1814
[Coronation] 26 May 1805

[Spouse] Josephine de Beauharnais
Marie Louise of Austria

[Full name] Napoleon Bonaparte

[Father] Carlo Buonaparte
[Mother] Letizia Ramolino

Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821)
was a French military and political leader
who rose to prominence during the French Revolution
and its associated wars.



As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the
French from 1804 until 1814, and again
in 1815. Napoleon dominated European
affairs for over a decade while leading
France against a series of coalitions
in the Revolutionary Wars and the
Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these
wars and the vast majority of his
battles, rapidly gaining control of
continental Europe before his ultimate defeat in 1815.

One of the greatest
commanders in history, his campaigns
are studied at military schools
worldwide and he remains one of the
most celebrated and controversial
political figures in Western history.

In civil affairs, Napoleon implemented
foundational liberal reforms in France
and across Europe. He established a
system of public education, abolished
the vestiges of feudalism, emancipated
Jews and other religious minorities,
enacted legal protections for an
emerging middle class, and centralized
state power at the expense of religious authorities.

His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has
been adopted in various forms by a
quarter of the world's legal systems,
from Japan in Asia to Quebec in North America.

Napoleon was born in Corsica, just one
year after the island had passed to
France from the Genoese Republic, to a
relatively modest family of noble
Italian ancestry from Tuscany. Serving
in the French army as an artillery
officer, Napoleon supported the
Revolution from the outset in 1789 and
tried to spread its ideals to Corsica,
but was banished from the island in 1793.

Two years later, he saved the
French government from collapse by
firing on the Parisian mobs with
cannons, an event known as the 13
Vendemiaire. The Directory then
appointed him as General of the Army of
Italy at age 26.

After marrying Josephine de Beauharnais in 1796,
he began his first military campaign
against the Austrians and their Italian
allies, scoring a series of decisive
victories that made him famous all
across Europe. In 1798 he commanded a
military expedition to Egypt,
conquering the Ottoman province after
defeating the Mamelukes and launching
modern Egyptology through the
discoveries made by his army.

The Directory collapsed when Napoleon
and his supporters engineered a coup in
November 1799. He was installed as
First Consul of the Consulate and
gradually extended his political
control over France. With the Concordat
of 1801, Napoleon restored the
religious powers of the Catholic Church
but retained its landed wealth in the
hands of the French state. He also
signed the short-lived Treaty of Amiens
with the British in 1802, ending the
Revolutionary Wars.

The Senate eventually declared him the Emperor of
the French in 1804, setting the stage
for the French Empire. Intractable
differences with the British meant the
French were facing a Third Coalition by 1805.

Napoleon shattered this coalition
with decisive victories in the Ulm
Campaign and a historic triumph at the
Battle of Austerlitz, which led to the
elimination of the Holy Roman Empire
after the Peace of Pressburg.

In October 1805, however, a Franco-Spanish
fleet was destroyed at the Battle of
Trafalgar, allowing Britain to impose a
naval blockade of the French coasts.

In retaliation, Napoleon established the
Continental System in 1806 to cut off
European trade with Britain. The Fourth
Coalition took up arms against him the
same year because Prussia became
worried about growing French influence on the continent.

After quickly knocking out Prussia at the battles of
Jena and Auerstedt, Napoleon turned his
attention towards the Russians and
annihilated them in 1807 at the Battle
of Friedland. Friedland forced the
Russians to accept the Treaties of
Tilsit, the high water mark of the French Empire.

Hoping to extend the Continental
System, Napoleon invaded Iberia and
declared his brother Joseph Bonaparte
the King of Spain in 1808. The Spanish
and the Portuguese revolted with
British support. The Peninsular War,
noted for its brutal guerrilla warfare,
lasted six years and culminated in an
Allied victory over the French.

Fighting also erupted in Central Europe
as the Austrians launched another
attack against the French in 1809.
Napoleon defeated them at the Battle of
Wagram, dissolving the Fifth Coalition
formed against France.

After the Treaty of Schonbrunn in the fall of 1809,
he divorced Josephine and married Austrian
princess Marie Louise in 1810. By 1811,
Napoleon ruled over 70 million people
across an empire that had domination in
Europe, which had not witnessed this
level of political consolidation since
the days of the Roman Empire.

He maintained his strategic status through
a series of alliances and family
appointments. He created a new
aristocracy in France while allowing
for the return of nobles who had been
forced into exile by the Revolution.

Escalating tensions over rising Polish
nationalism and the economic effects of
the Continental System led to renewed
confrontation with Russia. To enforce
his blockade, Napoleon launched an
invasion of Russia in 1812 that ended
in catastrophic failure for the French.

In early 1813, Prussia and Russia
joined forces to fight against France,
with the Austrians also joining this
Sixth Coalition later in the year.

In October 1813, a large Allied army
defeated Napoleon at the Battle of
Leipzig. The next year, the Allies
launched an invasion of France and
captured Paris, forcing Napoleon to
abdicate in April 1814. He was exiled
to the island of Elba. The Bourbons
were restored to power and the French
lost most territories they had
conquered since the Revolution.

However, Napoleon escaped from Elba in
February 1815 and returned to lead the
French government, only to find himself
at war against another coalition. This
new coalition decisively defeated him
at the Battle of Waterloo in June.

He surrendered to the British who
imprisoned him on the remote island of
Saint Helena. His death in 1821, at the
age of 51, was received by shock and
grief throughout Europe. In 1840, a
million people witnessed his remains
returning to Paris, where they still
reside at Les Invalides.

(from naver.com wikipedia.org ³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú ³ª¹«À§Å° µî)


Battles, Bonaparte, influence(-) ~
(PIG: time-variant)

Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): B-


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