CCG ·Î¸¶ Roman Empire
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·Î¸¶¹®¸í-ÀÎÇÁ¶óÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö,·Î¸¶Á¦±¹,Roman Empire
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(Fall of Constantinople: May 29,1453)

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27 BC – 476 AD (Western Roman Empire)
330–1453 (Eastern Roman Empire)
(Fall of Constantinople 29 May 1453)

The Roman Empire was the post-
Republican period of the ancient Roman
civilization, characterized by
government headed by emperors and large
territorial holdings around the
Mediterranean Sea in Europe, Africa and Asia.

The 500-year-old republic which
preceded it was severely destabilized
in a series of civil wars and political
conflict, during which Julius Caesar
was appointed as perpetual dictator and
then assassinated in 44 BC.

Civil wars and executions continued, culminating
in the victory of Octavian, Caesar's
adopted son, over Mark Antony and
Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium in 31
BC and the annexation of Egypt.



Octavian's power was now unassailable
and in 27 BC the Roman Senate formally
granted him overarching power and the
new title Augustus, effectively marking
the end of the Roman Republic.

The imperial successor to the Republic
lasted approximately 500 years.
The first two centuries of the Empire's
existence were a period of unprecedented political stability
and prosperity known as the Pax Romana,
or "Roman Peace". Following Octavian's
victory, the size of the Empire was
dramatically increased.

After the assassination of Caligula in 41, the
Senate briefly considered restoring the
republic, but the Praetorian Guard
proclaimed Claudius Emperor instead.
Under Claudius, the Empire underwent
its first major expansion since
Augustus. After Claudius' successor,
Nero, committed suicide in 68, the
Empire suffered a period of brief civil
wars, as well as a concurrent major
rebellion in Judea, during which four
different legionary generals were
proclaimed Emperor.

Vespasian emerged triumphant in 69,
establishing the Flavian dynasty,
before being succeeded by his son
Titus, who opened the Colosseum shortly
after the eruption of Mt. Vesuvius. His
short reign was followed by the long
reign of his brother Domitian, who was
eventually assassinated.

The Senate then appointed the first of the Five
Good Emperors. The Empire reached its
greatest extent under Trajan, the
second in this line.



A period of increasing trouble and
decline began with the reign of
Commodus. Commodus' assassination in
192 triggered the Year of the Five
Emperors, of which Septimius Severus
emerged victorious. The assassination
of Alexander Severus in 235 led to the
Crisis of the Third Century in which 26
men were declared Emperor by the Roman
Senate over a fifty-year period. It was
not until the reign of Diocletian that
the Empire was fully stabilized with
the introduction of the Tetrarchy,
which saw four Emperors rule the Empire at once.

This arrangement was ultimately
unsuccessful, leading to a civil war
that was finally ended by Constantine
I, who defeated his rivals and became
the sole ruler of the Empire.
Constantine subsequently shifted the
capital of the east to Byzantium, which
was renamed Constantinople in his
honor. It remained the capital of the
east until its demise in 1453.

Constantine also adopted Christianity
which later became the official state
religion of the Empire. This eastern
part of the empire (known later as the
Byzantine Empire) remained one of the
leading powers in the world alongside
its arch-rival the Sassanid Persian
Empire, which had inherited a centuries-
old Roman-Persian conflict from its
predecessor the Parthians.

Following the death of Theodosius I,
the last Emperor to rule a united
Empire, the dominion of the Empire was
gradually eroded by abuses of power,
civil wars, barbarian migrations and
invasions, military reforms and
economic depression. The Sack of Rome
in 410 by the Visigoths and again in
455 by the Vandals accelerated the
Western Empire's decay, while the
deposition of the Emperor Romulus
Augustulus in 476 by Odoacer is generally accepted
to mark the end of the Empire in the west.



However, with Romulus Augustulus technically being a
usurper, the Western part of the empire
only truly legally ceased to exist upon
the death of the true Emperor Julius
Nepos in 480. The Eastern Roman Empire
endured for another thousand years,
eventually falling to the Ottoman Turks in 1453.

The Roman Empire was among the most
powerful economic, cultural, political
and military forces in the world of its
time. It was the largest empire of the
classical antiquity period, and one of
the largest empires in world history.
At its height under Trajan, it covered
5 million square kilometers and held
sway over some 70 million people, at
that time, 21% of the world's entire population.

The longevity and vast extent of the Empire ensured the
lasting influence of Latin and Greek
language, culture, religion,
inventions, architecture, philosophy,
law and forms of government on the Empire's descendants.

Throughout the European medieval
period, attempts were even made to
establish successors to the Roman
Empire, including the Crusader state,
the Empire of Romania and the Holy
Roman Empire. By means of European
expansionism through the Spanish,
French, Portuguese, Dutch, Italian,
German, British and Belgian Empires,
Roman and Greek culture was spread on a
worldwide scale, playing a significant
role in the development of the modern world.



=====================================

(Roman Empire)
Today Part of 51 countries:
Albania Algeria Andorra Armenia
Austria Azerbaijan Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria
Croatia Cyprus Egypt France
Georgia Germany Greece Hungary
Iran Iraq Israel Italy Jordan
Kosovo Kuwait Lebanon Liechtenstein
Libya Luxembourg Macedonia Malta
Moldova Monaco Montenegro Morocco
Netherlands Palestine Portugal
Romania Russia San Marino
Saudi Arabia Serbia Slovakia
Slovenia Spain Switzerland
Syria Tunisia Turkey Ukraine
United Kingdom Vatican City

(from history channel wikipedia.org µî)


Culture, Constantinople, Culture Influence(+)~
(PIG: time-variant)

Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C+


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