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ºê¶ó¿î-Karl Ferdinand Braun, ³ëº§»ó, Germany | ||
Ä«¸¦ Æ丣µð³Æ® ºê¶ó¿î Karl Ferdinand Braun ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚ [Ãâ»ý] 1850³â 6¿ù 6ÀÏ µ¶ÀÏ, Hessen-Kassel, Fulda [Hesse, Germany] [»ç¸Á] 1918³â 4¿ù 20ÀÏ (67¼¼) ¹Ì±¹ ´º¿å ÁÖ ºê·çŬ¸° [ºê·çŬ¸° ºê¸´Áö¿Í ´ýº¸ÀÇ ¿ª»ç] [±¹Àû] µ¶ÀÏ [µ¶ÀÏ ¿©Çà] [ºÐ¾ß] ¹°¸®ÇÐ [¼Ò¼Ó] University of Karlsruhe University of Marburg ½ºÆ®¶ó½ººÎ¸£ ´ëÇб³ University of Tübingen University of Würzburg [Ãâ½Å ´ëÇÐ] University of Marburg º£¸¦¸° Èɺ¼Æ® ´ëÇб³ [º£¸¦¸° Èɺ¼Æ®´ëÇб³ Humboldt University of Berlin] [ÁÖ¿ä ¾÷Àû] À½±Ø¼±°ü, Cat's whisker diode [¼ö»ó] ³ëº§ ¹°¸®Çлó (1909³â) [¿ä¾à] Ä«¸¦ Æ丣µð³Æ® ºê¶ó¿î (Karl Ferdinand Braun, 1850³â 6¿ù 6ÀÏ -1918³â 4¿ù 20ÀÏ)Àº µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÆĸ¦ ¹Þ¾Æ ¿µ»óÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù´Â 'ºê¶ó¿î°ü'À» ¹ß¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. Ãʱ⿡´Â Áøµ¿À̳ª ¿¿ªÇп¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÇÏ´Ù°¡ ÀüÀÚ±âÇÐÀÇ ºÐ¾ß·Î ¿Å°å´Ù. ¿ÈÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÇ ÆíÀÇ¿Í ¿±âÀü·ÂÀÇ ¹®Á¦ µîÀ» °ËÅäÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ºê¶ó¿îÀÇ Àü±â°è¿Í À½±Ø¼± ¿À½Ç·Î±×·¡ÇÁ¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±× ¿Ü ¹«¼±Àü½ÅÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼µµ ¿©·¯ ¾÷ÀûÀ» ³²°å´Ù. Ç®´Ù Ãâ»ýÀ¸·Î ¸¶¸£ºÎ¸£Å©´ëÇб³¡¤º£¸¦¸°´ëÇб³¿¡¼ °øºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. [º£¸¦¸°°ø°ú´ëÇб³] Ãʱ⿡´Â Çö(ú×)À̳ª ¸·´ëÀÇ Áøµ¿¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿Í ¿¿ªÇÐ(æðÕôùÊ)ÀÇ ¹®Á¦(¸£ »þƲ¸®¿¡ ºê¶ó¿îÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢ µî)¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÇÏ´Ù°¡, ÀüÀÚ±âÇÐ(ï³í¸Ñ¨ùÊ)ÀÇ ºÐ¾ß·Î ¿Å°Ü, ¿ÈÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÇ ÆíÀÇ(ø¶ëï)¿Í ¿±âÀü·Â(æðÑÃï³Õô)ÀÇ ¹®Á¦ µîÀ» °ËÅäÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ½ÇÇè»óÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä¿¡¼ ºê¶ó¿îÀÇ Àü±â°è(ï³Ñ¨Íª)¿Í À½±Ø¼±(ëäпàÊ)¿À½Ç·Î±×·¡ÇÁ(ºê¶ó¿î°ü, 1897)¸¦ Á¦ÀÛÇÏ¿´´Ù. [Karl Ferdinand Braun's 'Braun tube', 1897] ±× ÈÄ ¹«¼±Àü½ÅÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ µé¾î°¡ °íÁÖÆÄ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼öÁß(â©ñé)¿¡¼ÀÇ ÀüÆļ۴Þ, Æóȸ·ÎÀÇ µµÀÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¤¹æÇâ(ïÒÛ°ú¾)¿¡ÀÇ ¹ß½Å, °æ»ç(ÌËÞØ) ºö ¾ÈÅ׳ª¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼ö½Å µî ¿©·¯ ¾÷ÀûÀ» ³²°å´Ù. [»ý¾Ö È°µ¿ ¹× ¾÷Àû µî] Ä® Æ丣µð³µå ºê¶ó¿î(1850³â 6¿ù 6ÀÏ~1918³â 4¿ù 20ÀÏ)Àº µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Àü±â ±â¼úÀÚ, ¹ß¸í°¡, ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ ³ëº§ ¹°¸®Çлó ¼ö»óÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ºê¶ó¿îÀº ¶óµð¿À¿Í TV±â¼ú ¹ßÀü¿¡ Å©°Ô ±â¿©ÇßÀ¸¸ç ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹ÝµµÃ¼¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. "¹«¼± Àü½Å °³¹ß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â¿©"·Î ±¼¸®¿¤¸ð ¸¶¸£ÄÚ´Ï¿Í 1909³â ³ëº§ ¹°¸®ÇлóÀ» °øµ¿ ¼ö»óÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¼±±¸ÀûÀÎ Åë½Å ¹× ÅÚ·¹ºñÀü ȸ»ç Áß ÇϳªÀÎ ÅÚ·¹Ç³ÄË(Telefunken)ÀÇ Ã¢¸³ÀÚ¿´À¸¸ç, (Paul Gottlieb Nipkow¿Í °°Àº ¹ß¸í°¡¿Í °øÀ¯) µÑ ´Ù "TVÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö"·Î ºÒ·È´Ù. "Áö±Ý±îÁö Á¦Á¶µÈ ¸ðµç ¹ÝµµÃ¼ÀÇ ÁõÁ¶ºÎ" ¹× Marconi¿Í ÇÔ²² ¹«¼± Àü½ÅÀÇ °øµ¿ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÌ´Ù. Ä® ºê¶ó¿îÀÇ »ý¾Ö¸¦ Á» ´õ »ó¼¼È÷ ¼Ò°³Çϸé, 1850³â 6¿ù 6ÀÏ, ÀüÆĸ¦ ¹Þ¾Æ ¿µ»óÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù´Â ¡®ºê¶ó¿î°ü¡¯À» °³¹ßÇÑ µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚ Ä«¸¦ Æ丣µð³Æ® ºê¶ó¿î(Karl Ferdinand Braun)ÀÌ Å¾´Ù. 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ÇÏÁö¸¸, À̴ª¢ª¯ªÞªÇ ÃßÃøÀÏ »ÓÀ̸ç, ±×ÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØÀ» ¾Ë±â À§Çؼ´Â ´õ ¸¹Àº Á¤º¸¿Í ¿¬±¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù. [ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ] -------------------------------------- [The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909]The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 was awarded jointly to Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy". Born: 6 June 1850, Fulda, Hesse-Kassel (now Germany) Died: 20 April 1918, Brooklyn, NY, USA Affiliation at the time of the award: Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, Alsace (then Germany, now France) Prize motivation: "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy." Prize share: 1/2 [Work] In the late 1880s a previously unknown type of radiation was discovered - radio waves. It was found to have the same nature as light, but with a greater wavelength. Various physicists and technicians investigated whether radio waves could be used to transmit signals. Ferdinand Braun contributed to wireless signal transfer technology in several ways. In the late 1890s, he developed the electronics in transmitters to reduce signal weakening and disruptions between different transmitters. Guglielmo Marconi The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 Born: 25 April 1874, Bologna, Italy Died: 20 July 1937, Rome, Italy Affiliation at the time of the award: Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom Prize motivation: "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy." Prize share: 1/2 [Work] In the late 1880s a previously unknown type of radiation was discovered - radio waves. It was found to have the same nature as light, but with a greater wavelength. Various physicists and technicians investigated whether radio waves could be used to transmit signals. In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi used radio waves to transmit signals over a distance of several kilometers. He developed the technology in subsequent years to achieve greater range. The foundation for both wireless telegraphy and radio had been laid. ************************************** [Award ceremony speech] Presentation Speech by the former Rector General of National Antiquities H. Hildebrand, President of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, on December 10, 1909 Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen. Research in physics has provided us with many surprises. Discoveries which at first seemed to have but theoretical interest have often led to inventions of the greatest importance to the advancement of mankind. And if this holds good for physics in general, it is even more true in the case of research in the field of electricity. The discoveries and inventions for which the Royal Academy of Sciences has decided to award this year¡¯s Nobel Prize for Physics, also have their origin in purely theoretical work and study. Important and epoch-making, however, as these were in their particular fields, no one could have guessed at the start that they would lead to the practical applications witnessed later. While we are, this evening, conferring Nobel¡¯s Prize upon two of the men who have contributed most to the development of wireless telegraphy, we must first register our admiration for those great research workers, now dead, who through their brilliant and gifted work in the fields of mathematical and experimental physics, opened up the path to great practical applications. It was Faraday with his unique penetrating power of mind, who first suspected a close connection between the phenomena of light and electricity, and it was Maxwell who transformed his bold concepts and thoughts into mathematical language, and finally, it was Hertz who through his classical experiments showed that the new ideas as to the nature of electricity and light had a real basis in fact. To be sure, it was already well known before Hertz¡¯s time, that a capacitor charged with electricity can under certain circumstances discharge itself oscillatorily, that is to say , by electric currents passing to and fro. Hertz, however, was the first to demonstrate that the effects of these currents propagate themselves in space with the velocity of light, thereby producing a wave motion having all the distinguishing characteristics of light. This discovery – perhaps the greatest in the field of physics throughout the last half-century – was made in 1888. It forms the foundation, not only for modern science of electricity, but also for wireless telegraphy. But it was still a great step from laboratory trials in miniature where the electrical waves could be traced over but a small number of metres, to the transmission of signals over great distances. A man was needed who was able to grasp the potentialities of the enterprise and who could overcome all the various difficulties which stood in the way of the practical realization of the idea. The carrying out of this great task was reserved for Guglielmo Marconi. Even when taking into account previous attempts at this work and the fact that the conditions and prerequisites for the feasibility of this enterprise were already given, the honour of the first trials is nevertheless due, by and large, to Marconi, and we must freely acknowledge that the first success was gained as a result of his ability to shape the whole thing into a practical, usable system, added to his inflexible energy with which he pursued his self appointed aim. Marconi¡¯s first experiment to transmit a signal by means of Hertzian waves was carried out in 1895. During the 14 years which have elapsed since then, wireless telegraphy has progressed without pause until it has attained the great importance it possesses today. In 1897 it was still only possible to effect a wireless communication over a distance of 14-20 km. Today, electrical waves are despatched between the Old and the New World, all the larger ocean-going steamers have their own wireless telegraphy equipment on board, and every Navy of significance uses a system of wireless telegraphy. The development of a great invention seldom occurs through one individual man, and many forces have contributed to the remarkable results now achieved. Marconi¡¯s original system had its weak points. The electrical oscillations sent out from the transmitting station were relatively weak and consisted of wave-series following each other, of which the amplitude rapidly fell-so-called ¡°damped oscillations¡±. A result of this was that the waves had a very weak effect at the receiving station, with the further result that waves from various other transmitting stations readily interfered, thus acting disturbing at the receiving station. It is due above all to the inspired work of Professor Ferdinand Braun that this unsatisfactory state of affairs was overcome. Braun made a modification in the layout of the circuit for the despatch of electrical waves so that it was possible to produce intense waves with very little damping. It was only through this that the so-called ¡°long-distance telegraphy¡± became possible, where the oscillations from the transmitting station, as a result of resonance, could exert the maximum possible effect upon the receiving station. The further advantage was obtained that in the main only waves of the frequency used by the transmitting station were effective at the receiving station. It is only through the introduction of these improvements that the magnificent results in the use of wireless telegraphy have been attained in recent times. Research workers and engineers toil unceasingly on the development of wireless telegraphy. Where this development can lead, we know not. However, with the results already achieved, telegraphy over wires has been extended by this invention in the most fortunate way. Independent of fixed conductor routes and independent of space, we can produce connections between far-distant places, over far-reaching waters and deserts. This is the magnificent practical invention which has flowered upon one of the most brilliant scientific discovery of our time! -------------------------------------- Karl Ferdinand Braun [Born] 6 June 1850 Fulda, Electorate of Hessen, Germany [Died] 20 April 1918 (aged 67) Brooklyn, New York, U.S. [Nationality] German [Alma mater] University of Marburg, University of Berlin [Known for] Cathode ray tube, Cat's whisker diode [Awards] Nobel Prize in Physics (1909) Scientific career [Fields] Physics [Institutions] University of Karlsruhe, University of Marburg, University of Strassburg, University of Tübingen, University of Würzburg Karl Ferdinand Braun (6 June 1850 – 20 April 1918) was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel laureate in physics. Braun contributed significantly to the development of radio and television technology: he shared with Guglielmo Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics. [Biography] Braun was born in Fulda, Germany, and educated at the University of Marburg and received a Ph.D. from the University of Berlin in 1872. In 1874 he discovered that a point-contact semiconductor rectifies alternating current. He became director of the Physical Institute and professor of physics at the University of Strassburg in 1895. In 1897 he built the first cathode-ray tube (CRT) and cathode ray tube oscilloscope. CRT became the cornerstone in developing fully electronic television. In the early 21-st century the CRT technology started to be replaced by flat screen technologies (such as liquid crystal display (LCD), light emitting diode (LED) and plasma displays) on television sets and computer monitors. The CRT is still called the "Braun tube" in German- speaking countries (Braunsche Röhre) and in Japan («Ö«é«¦«óη: Buraun-kan). During the development of radio, he also worked on wireless telegraphy. In 1897 Braun joined the line of wireless pioneers. His major contributions were the introduction of a closed tuned circuit in the generating part of the transmitter, and its separation from the radiating part (the antenna) by means of inductive coupling, and later on the usage of crystals for receiving purposes. Wireless telegraphy claimed Dr. Braun's full attention in 1898, and for many years after that he applied himself almost exclusively to the task of solving its problems. Dr. Braun had written extensively on wireless subjects and was well known through his many contributions to the Electrician and other scientific journals. In 1899, he would apply for the patents, Electro telegraphy by means of condensers and induction coils and Wireless electro transmission of signals over surfaces. Around 1898, he invented a crystal diode rectifier or cat's whisker diode. Pioneers working on wireless devices eventually came to a limit of distance they could cover. Connecting the antenna directly to the spark gap produced only a heavily damped pulse train. There were only a few cycles before oscillations ceased. oscillation because the energy encountered less losses swinging between coil and Leyden Jars. And by means of inductive antenna coupling the radiator was better matched to the generator. The resultant stronger and less bandwidth consuming signals bridged a much longer distance. Braun invented the phased array antenna in 1905. He described in his Nobel Prize lecture how he carefully arranged three antennas to transmit a directional signal. This invention led to the development of radar, smart antennas, and MIMO. Braun's British patent on tuning was used by Marconi in many of his tuning patents. Guglielmo Marconi used Braun's patents (among others). Marconi would later admit to Braun himself that he had "borrowed" portions of Braun's work. In 1909 Braun shared the Nobel Prize for physics with Marconi for "contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy." The prize awarded to Braun in 1909 depicts this design. Braun experimented at first at the University of Strasbourg. Not before long he bridged a distance of 42 km to the city of Mutzig. In spring 1899 Braun, accompanied by his colleagues Cantor and Zenneck, went to Cuxhaven to continue their experiments at the North Sea. On 24 September 1900 radio telegraphy signals were exchanged regularly with the island of Heligoland over a distance of 62 km. Light vessels in the river Elbe and a coast station at Cuxhaven commenced a regular radio telegraph service. Braun went to the United States at the beginning of World War I (before the U.S. had entered the war) to help defend the German wireless station at Sayville, New York, against attacks by the British-controlled Marconi Corporation. After the US entered the war, Braun was detained, but could move freely within Brooklyn, New York. Braun died in his house in Brooklyn, before the war ended in 1918. [SID Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize] In 1987 the Society for Information Display created the Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize, awarded for an outstanding technical achievement in display technology. (from naver.com µÎ»ê¹é°ú wikipedia.org ³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú µî) [Map of Consciousness] Braun tube, Ancestor(TV, Semiconductor), Influence(++)~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): A(MoC: Map of Consciousness) ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ MoC(ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØ): 500~600
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