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ºê¶ó¿î-Karl Ferdinand Braun, ³ëº§»ó, Germany
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wopen.com

[Ãâ»ý] 1850³â 6¿ù 6ÀÏ
µ¶ÀÏ, Hessen-Kassel, Fulda

[Hesse, Germany]


[»ç¸Á] 1918³â 4¿ù 20ÀÏ (67¼¼)
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University of Karlsruhe
University of Marburg
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University of Tübingen
University of Würzburg

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University of Marburg
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[º£¸¦¸° Èɺ¼Æ®´ëÇб³ Humboldt University of Berlin]


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À½±Ø¼±°ü, Cat's whisker diode

wopen.com

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1850³â 6¿ù 6ÀÏ -1918³â 4¿ù 20ÀÏ)Àº µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù.
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[Karl Ferdinand Braun's 'Braun tube', 1897]

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--------------------------------------

[The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909]


The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909 was awarded jointly
to Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun
"in recognition of their contributions to the development
of wireless telegraphy".


Th>e Nobel Prize in Physics 1909

Born: 6 June 1850, Fulda, Hesse-Kassel (now Germany)

Died: 20 April 1918, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Affiliation at the time of the award:
Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, Alsace (then Germany, now France)

Prize motivation: "in recognition of their contributions
to the development of wireless telegraphy."

Prize share: 1/2

[Work]
In the late 1880s a previously unknown type of
radiation was discovered - radio waves.
It was found to have the same nature as light,
but with a greater wavelength. Various physicists
and technicians investigated whether radio waves could be
used to transmit signals.

Ferdinand Braun contributed to wireless signal transfer technology
in several ways.
In the late 1890s, he developed the electronics
in transmitters to reduce signal weakening and
disruptions between different transmitters.

Guglielmo Marconi
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909


Born: 25 April 1874, Bologna, Italy

Died: 20 July 1937, Rome, Italy

Affiliation at the time of the award:
Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd., London, United Kingdom

Prize motivation: "in recognition of their contributions
to the development of wireless telegraphy."

Prize share: 1/2

[Work]
In the late 1880s a previously unknown type of
radiation was discovered - radio waves.
It was found to have the same nature as light,
but with a greater wavelength.

Various physicists and technicians investigated
whether radio waves could be used to transmit signals.

In 1895, Guglielmo Marconi used radio waves
to transmit signals over a distance of several kilometers.
He developed the technology in subsequent years
to achieve greater range.
The foundation for both wireless telegraphy and radio had been laid.

**************************************

[Award ceremony speech]
Presentation Speech by the former Rector General of
National Antiquities H. Hildebrand,
President of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences,
on December 10, 1909

Your Majesty, Your Royal Highnesses, Ladies and Gentlemen.

Research in physics has provided us with many surprises.
Discoveries which at first seemed to have but
theoretical interest have often led to inventions
of the greatest importance to the advancement of mankind.
And if this holds good for physics in general,
it is even more true in the case of research
in the field of electricity.

The discoveries and inventions for which the Royal Academy
of Sciences has decided to award this year¡¯s Nobel Prize
for Physics, also have their origin in purely theoretical work
and study. Important and epoch-making, however,
as these were in their particular fields,
no one could have guessed at the start that
they would lead to the practical applications witnessed later.

While we are, this evening, conferring Nobel¡¯s Prize upon
two of the men who have contributed most to the development
of wireless telegraphy,
we must first register our admiration for
those great research workers, now dead,
who through their brilliant and gifted work
in the fields of mathematical and experimental physics,
opened up the path to great practical applications.

It was Faraday with his unique penetrating power
of mind, who first suspected a close connection
between the phenomena of light and electricity,
and it was Maxwell who transformed his bold concepts
and thoughts into mathematical language, and finally,
it was Hertz who through his classical experiments showed
that the new ideas as to the nature of electricity
and light had a real basis in fact.

To be sure, it was already well known before Hertz¡¯s time,
that a capacitor charged with electricity can under certain circumstances
discharge itself oscillatorily, that is to say
, by electric currents passing to and fro.

Hertz, however, was the first to demonstrate
that the effects of these currents propagate themselves
in space with the velocity of light, thereby producing
a wave motion having all the distinguishing characteristics
of light. This discovery – perhaps the greatest
in the field of physics throughout
the last half-century – was made in 1888.

It forms the foundation, not only for modern science
of electricity, but also for wireless telegraphy.
But it was still a great step from laboratory trials
in miniature where the electrical waves could be traced
over but a small number of metres,
to the transmission of signals over great distances.

A man was needed who was able to grasp the potentialities
of the enterprise and who could overcome
all the various difficulties which stood
in the way of the practical realization of the idea.
The carrying out of this great task was reserved
for Guglielmo Marconi.
Even when taking into account previous attempts
at this work and the fact that the conditions
and prerequisites for the feasibility of
this enterprise were already given, the honour of
the first trials is nevertheless due, by and large,
to Marconi, and we must freely acknowledge
that the first success was gained as a result
of his ability to shape the whole thing into a practical,
usable system, added to his inflexible energy
with which he pursued his self appointed aim.

Marconi¡¯s first experiment to transmit a signal by means
of Hertzian waves was carried out in 1895.
During the 14 years which have elapsed since then,
wireless telegraphy has progressed without pause
until it has attained the great importance it possesses today.

In 1897 it was still only possible to effect
a wireless communication over a distance of 14-20 km.
Today, electrical waves are despatched between the Old
and the New World, all the larger ocean-going steamers
have their own wireless telegraphy equipment on board,
and every Navy of significance uses a system of
wireless telegraphy.

The development of a great invention seldom occurs
through one individual man, and many forces
have contributed to the remarkable results now achieved.

Marconi¡¯s original system had its weak points.
The electrical oscillations sent out from
the transmitting station were relatively weak and
consisted of wave-series following each other,
of which the amplitude rapidly fell-so-called
¡°damped oscillations¡±.

A result of this was that the waves had a very weak effect
at the receiving station, with the further result
that waves from various other transmitting stations
readily interfered, thus acting disturbing
at the receiving station. It is due above all
to the inspired work of Professor Ferdinand Braun
that this unsatisfactory state of affairs was overcome.

Braun made a modification in the layout of the circuit
for the despatch of electrical waves so that
it was possible to produce intense waves with
very little damping. It was only through this
that the so-called ¡°long-distance telegraphy¡±
became possible, where the oscillations from
the transmitting station, as a result of resonance,
could exert the maximum possible effect
upon the receiving station.

The further advantage was obtained that
in the main only waves of the frequency used by
the transmitting station were effective at
the receiving station.
It is only through the introduction of these improvements
that the magnificent results in the use of wireless telegraphy
have been attained in recent times.

Research workers and engineers toil unceasingly
on the development of wireless telegraphy.
Where this development can lead, we know not.

However, with the results already achieved, telegraphy
over wires has been extended by this invention
in the most fortunate way. Independent of fixed
conductor routes and independent of space,
we can produce connections between far-distant places,
over far-reaching waters and deserts.
This is the magnificent practical invention which has flowered
upon one of the most brilliant scientific discovery of our time!

--------------------------------------

Karl Ferdinand Braun

[Born] 6 June 1850
Fulda, Electorate of Hessen, Germany

[Died] 20 April 1918 (aged 67)
Brooklyn, New York, U.S.

[Nationality] German

[Alma mater]
University of Marburg,
University of Berlin

[Known for]
Cathode ray tube, Cat's whisker diode

[Awards]
Nobel Prize in Physics (1909)
Scientific career

[Fields] Physics

[Institutions]
University of Karlsruhe,
University of Marburg,
University of Strassburg,
University of Tübingen,
University of Würzburg

Karl Ferdinand Braun (6 June 1850 – 20 April 1918)
was a German inventor, physicist and Nobel laureate
in physics. Braun contributed significantly to
the development of radio and television technology:
he shared with Guglielmo Marconi the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics.



[Biography]
Braun was born in Fulda, Germany,
and educated at the University of Marburg
and received a Ph.D. from the University of Berlin in 1872.
In 1874 he discovered that a point-contact
semiconductor rectifies alternating current.
He became director of the Physical Institute and
professor of physics at the University of Strassburg in 1895.

In 1897 he built the first cathode-ray tube (CRT)
and cathode ray tube oscilloscope. CRT became
the cornerstone in developing fully electronic television.
In the early 21-st century the CRT technology started to be
replaced by flat screen technologies
(such as liquid crystal display (LCD),
light emitting diode (LED) and plasma displays)
on television sets and computer monitors.
The CRT is still called the "Braun tube" in German-
speaking countries (Braunsche Röhre) and
in Japan («Ö«é«¦«óη: Buraun-kan).

During the development of radio, he also worked
on wireless telegraphy. In 1897 Braun joined the line
of wireless pioneers. His major contributions were
the introduction of a closed tuned circuit in
the generating part of the transmitter,
and its separation from the radiating part (the antenna)
by means of inductive coupling, and later
on the usage of crystals for receiving purposes.

Wireless telegraphy claimed Dr. Braun's full attention
in 1898, and for many years after that he applied
himself almost exclusively to the task of
solving its problems.



Dr. Braun had written extensively on wireless
subjects and was well known through his many
contributions to the
Electrician and other scientific journals.
In 1899, he would apply for the patents,
Electro telegraphy by means of condensers and induction coils
and Wireless electro transmission of signals over surfaces.

Around 1898, he invented a crystal diode rectifier
or cat's whisker diode. Pioneers working on wireless
devices eventually came to a limit of distance they could cover.
Connecting the antenna directly to the spark
gap produced only a heavily damped pulse train.
There were only a few cycles before oscillations ceased.

oscillation because the energy encountered less
losses swinging between coil and Leyden Jars.
And by means of inductive antenna coupling
the radiator was better matched to the generator.
The resultant stronger and less bandwidth consuming
signals bridged a much longer distance.



Braun invented the phased array antenna in 1905.
He described in his Nobel Prize lecture how he carefully
arranged three antennas to transmit a directional signal.
This invention led to the development of radar, smart
antennas, and MIMO.

Braun's British patent on tuning was used by Marconi
in many of his tuning patents.
Guglielmo Marconi used Braun's patents (among others).
Marconi would later admit to Braun himself
that he had "borrowed" portions of Braun's work.
In 1909 Braun shared the Nobel Prize for physics with
Marconi for "contributions to the development
of wireless telegraphy."

The prize awarded to Braun in 1909 depicts this design.
Braun experimented at first at the University of Strasbourg.
Not before long he bridged a distance of 42 km
to the city of Mutzig. In spring 1899 Braun, accompanied
by his colleagues Cantor and Zenneck, went
to Cuxhaven to continue their experiments at the North Sea.

On 24 September 1900 radio telegraphy
signals were exchanged regularly with the island of
Heligoland over a distance of 62 km.

Light vessels in the river Elbe and a coast station
at Cuxhaven commenced a regular radio telegraph service.

Braun went to the United States at the beginning
of World War I (before the U.S. had entered the war)
to help defend the German wireless station
at Sayville, New York, against attacks
by the British-controlled Marconi Corporation.

After the US entered the war, Braun was detained, but could
move freely within Brooklyn, New York.
Braun died in his house in Brooklyn,
before the war ended in 1918.

[SID Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize]
In 1987 the Society for Information Display created
the Karl Ferdinand Braun Prize, awarded for an outstanding
technical achievement in display technology.

(from naver.com µÎ»ê¹é°ú wikipedia.org ³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú µî)


[Map of Consciousness]



Braun tube, Ancestor(TV, Semiconductor), Influence(++)~
(PIG: time-variant)

Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): A


(MoC: Map of Consciousness) ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ

MoC(ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØ): 500~600


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