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ÁÖ¿äÀú¼­·Î´Â ¡¶Áö±¸¿Í ž簣 °Å¸®ÃøÁ¤ÀÇ »õ ¹æ¹ý:

Dissertatio de Nova Methodo Distantiam
Solis a Terra Determinandi, A Dissertation
on a New Method of Determining the Distance
from the Sun to the Earth¡·(1730)

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De Observationibus pro
Figura Telluris Determinanda in Gallia Habitis,
Disquisito:Disquisition on Observations Made
in Gaul for Determining the Shape of the Earth¡·(1738)
µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

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=========================================

Anders Celsius

[Born] 27 November 1701
Uppsala, Sweden

[Died] 25 April 1744 (aged 42)
Uppsala, Sweden

[Residence] Sweden

[Nationality] Swedish

[Fields]
Astronomy, Physics, Mathematics, Geology

[Alma mater] Uppsala University

[Known for] Celsius

Anders Celsius (27 November 1701 ~ 25 April
1744) was a Swedish astronomer, physicist
and mathematician. He was professor of
astronomy at Uppsala University from 1730 to
1744, but traveled from 1732 to 1735
visiting notable observatories in Germany,
Italy and France. He founded the Uppsala
Astronomical Observatory in 1741, and in
1742 proposed the Celsius temperature scale
which bears his name.

[Early life and education]
Anders Celsius was born in Uppsala, Sweden
on 27 November 1701. His family originated
from Ovanaker in the province of
Hälsingland. Their family estate was at
Doma, also known as Höjen or Hogen
(locally as Högen 2). The name Celsius
is a latinization of the estate's name
(Latin celsus "mound").

As the son of an astronomy professor, Nils
Celsius, and the grandson of the
mathematician Magnus Celsius and the
astronomer Anders Spole, Celsius chose a
career in science. He was a talented
mathematician from an early age. Anders
Celsius studied at Uppsala University, where
his father was a teacher, and in 1730 he
too, became a professor of astronomy there.

[Career]
In 1730, Celsius published the Nova Methodus
distantiam solis a terra determinandi (New
Method for Determining the Distance from the
Earth to the Sun). His research also
involved the study of auroral phenomena,
which he conducted with his assistant Olof
Hiorter, and he was the first to suggest a
connection between the aurora borealis and
changes in the magnetic field of the Earth.

He observed the variations of a compass
needle and found that larger deflections
correlated with stronger auroral activity.
At Nuremberg in 1733, he published a
collection of 316 observations of the aurora
borealis made by himself and others over the
period 1716–1732.

Celsius traveled frequently in the early
1730s, including to Germany, Italy and
France, when he visited most of the major
European observatories. In Paris he
advocated the measurement of an arc of the
meridian in Lapland.

In 1736, he participated in the expedition organized for
that purpose by the French Academy of
Sciences, led by the French mathematician
Pierre Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759) to
measure a degree of latitude. The aim of the
expedition was to measure the length of a
degree along a meridian, close to the pole,
and compare the result with a similar
expedition to Peru, today in Ecuador, near
the equator. The expeditions confirmed Isaac
Newton''s belief that the shape of the earth
is an ellipsoid flattened at the poles.

In 1738, he published the De observationibus
pro figura telluris determinanda
(Observations on Determining the Shape of
the Earth). Celsius' participation in the
Lapland expedition won him much respect in
Sweden with the government and his peers,
and played a key role in generating interest
from the Swedish authorities in donating the
resources required to construct a new modern
observatory in Uppsala.

He was successful in the request,
and Celsius founded the Uppsala
Astronomical Observatory in 1741. The
observatory was equipped with instruments
purchased during his long voyage abroad,
comprising the most modern instrumental
technology of the period.

In astronomy, Celsius began a series of
observations using colored glass plates to
record the magnitude (a measure of
brightness) of certain stars. This was the
first attempt to measure the intensity of
starlight with a tool other than the human
eye. He made observations of eclipses and
various astronomical objects and published
catalogues of carefully determined
magnitudes for some 300 stars using his own
photometric system (mean error=0.4 mag).

Celsius was the first to perform and publish
careful experiments aiming at the definition
of an international temperature scale on
scientific grounds. In his Swedish
paper "Observations of two persistent
degrees on a thermometer" he reports on
experiments to check that the freezing point
is independent of latitude (and of
atmospheric pressure).

He determined the dependence of the boiling of water with
atmospheric pressure which was accurate even
by modern-day standards. He further gave a
rule for the determination of the boiling
point if the barometric pressure deviates
from a certain standard pressure.

He proposed the Celsius temperature scale in a
paper to the Royal Society of Sciences in
Uppsala, the oldest Swedish scientific
society, founded in 1710. His thermometer
was calibrated with a value of 100¡Æ for the
freezing point of water and 0¡Æ for the
boiling point. In 1745, a year after
Celsius'' death, the scale was reversed by
Carl Linnaeus to facilitate more practical
measurement. Celsius originally called his
scale centigrade derived from the Latin
for "hundred steps". For years it was simply
referred to as the Swedish thermometer.

Celsius conducted many geographical
measurements for the Swedish General map,
and was one of earliest to note that much of
Scandinavia is slowly rising above sea
level, a continuous process which has been
occurring since the melting of the ice from
the latest ice age. However, he wrongly
posed the notion that the water was
evaporating.

In 1725 he became secretary of the Royal
Society of Sciences in Uppsala, and served
at this post until his death from
tuberculosis in 1744. He supported the
formation of the Royal Swedish Academy of
Sciences in Stockholm in 1739 by Linnaeus
and five others, and was elected a member at
the first meeting of this academy. It was in
fact Celsius who proposed the new academy's name.

(from naver.com ³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú µÎ»ê¹é°ú wikipedia.org)


Celsius, Check, Create, Influence(+) ~
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