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ÄÉÀνº-John Maynard Keynes,°æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚ,England | ||
Á¸ ¸ÞÀ̳ʵå ÄÉÀνº John Maynard Keynes [Ãâ»ý] 1883³â 6¿ù 5ÀÏ À×±Û·£µå ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö¼Å ÁÖ ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö [ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö ´çÀÏÄ¡±â ¿©Çà] [»ç¸Á] 1946³â 4¿ù 21ÀÏ (62¼¼) À×±Û·£µå ¼½Ä½ºÁÖ Æ¿ÅÏ [±¹Àû] ¿µ±¹ [¿µ±¹ ¿©Çà] [Çз»çÇ×] Ä·ºê¸®Áö Å·½º´ëÇÐ [Å·½ºÄ®¸®Áö Åõ¾î] ÀÌÆ°Ä®¸®Áö [¿µ±¹ ¸í¹®»ç¸³ÀÇ ´ë¸í»ç, ÀÌÆ° Äø®Áö] [Àú¼] ¡¶°í¿ë¡¤ÀÌÀÚ ¹× ÈÆóÀÇ ÀϹÝÀ̷С· ¡¶ÈÆó°³Çõ·Ð¡· ¡¶ÈÆó·Ð¡· ÀÌ¿Ü ´Ù¼ö. [¼ÈÆ] 1917³â ¹Ù½º ÈÆÀå 3µî±Þ(CB) ¼öÈÆ 1942³â ³²ÀÛÀÛÀ§(1st Baron Keynes of Tilton in the County of Sussex) ¼ÀÓ [¿ä¾à] Á¸ ¸ÞÀ̳ʵå ÄÉÀνº ³²ÀÛ(John Maynard Keynes, 1883³â 6¿ù 5ÀÏ ~ 1946³â 4¿ù 21ÀÏ)Àº ¿µ±¹°æÁ¦ÇÐÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÚÀÌ´Ù. 1883³â 6¿ù 5ÀÏ ¿µ±¹ ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö¿¡¼ žÀ¸¸ç, [ÄÉÀӺ긮ÁöÀÇ ¸ðµç °Í] ÀÌÆ°À» °ÅÃÄ ÄÉÀӺ긮ÁöÀÇ Å·½ºÄ®¸®Áö¿¡¼ ¼öÇÐÇÏ°í, ¼öÇаú ¿ìµî½ÃÇè¿¡¼ 12À§·Î ÇÕ°ÝÇß´Ù. [·±´ø, Ä·ºê¸´Áö Å·½º Ä®¸®Áö] Á¹¾÷ ÈÄ ÇÑ ¶§ Àεµ¼º¿¡ ±Ù¹«ÇÏ´Ù°¡ ´ëÇп¡ µ¹¾Æ¿Í ±ÝÀ¶·ÐÀ» °ÀÇÇß°í, ±× ÈÄ ¾à 20³â°£ ¸¶¼£(Marshall, A.)ÀÇ Ãæ½ÇÇÑ ÈÄ°èÀڷμ ÇDZ¸(Pigou, A.C.)¿Í ´õºÒ¾î ÄÉÀӺ긮ÁöÇÐÆÄÀÇ ½Öº®À» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù. ¶Ç Royal Economic SocietyÀÇ ¼±â·Î ÀÖ¾ú°í Economic JournalÀÇ ¸íÆíÁýÀڷμ ÀâÁö¸¦ ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÇÀ§ ÀÖ´Â °æÁ¦ÇÐÀâÁö·Î À°¼ºÇß´Ù. ÀÌÀüÀÇ Çм³µéÀ» Åä´ë·Î ÇÏ¿© 'ÄÉÀνº °æÁ¦ÇÐ'À̶ó´Â µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» â½ÃÇØ, °æ±âÈÄÅð¿Í ºÒȲ¿¡ ´ëÇؼ ÀçÁ¤Á¤Ã¥À» »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀ» °·ÂÇÏ°Ô ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÄÉÀνºÀÇ À̷еéÀº ÄÉÀνº °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÇ »Ñ¸®°¡ µÇ¾úÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ °Å½Ã°æÁ¦ÇÐÆĵ鿡µµ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃļ, ÄÉÀνº´Â Çö´ë °Å½Ã°æÁ¦ÇÐÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚµé Áß ÇѸíÀ¸·Î ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. 20¼¼±â¿¡¼ °¡Àå Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£ °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚ·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°í Àֱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. ÄÉÀνº´Â 1930³â´ë¿¡ ¡¶°í¿ë¡¤ÀÌÀÚ ¹× ÈÆóÀÇ ÀÏ¹Ý À̷С·, ÈçÈ÷ ÀϹÝÀÌ·Ð À̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â Ã¥À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ½Å°íÀüÆÄ °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ½ÃÀåÁÖÀǸ¦ ºñÆÇÇÔ°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ À¯È¿¼ö¿äÀÌ·ÐÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è ´ëÀüÀÇ ¹ß¹ß ÈÄ¿£ ¼±Áø ¼¾ç±¹°¡µéÀº ÄÉÀνºÀÇ °æÁ¦Á¤Ã¥À» äÅÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÈÄ¿¡ 1950³â´ë¿Í 1960³â´ë¿¡´Â ÄÉÀνºÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé·Î ÀÎÇØ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¼¾ç±¹°¡µéÀÌ ÄÉÀνºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» äÅÃÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. 1970³â´ë¿¡´Â ¼®À¯Æĵ¿ µîÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¼¼°è°æ±â°¡ ħüÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°áÃ¥À¸·Î ¹ÐÅÏ ÇÁ¸®µå¸Õ µî ½ÅÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¸Â¾Æ ¶³¾îÁö±â ½ÃÀÛÇϸé¼, ÄÉÀνºÇÐÆÄ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ®ÀÌ Á¦±âµÊ°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±× ¿µÇâ·ÂÀÌ Å©°Ô °¨¼ÒÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 2007~2010³â ±ÝÀ¶ À§±âÀÇ µîÀå°ú ÇÔ²² ÄÉÀνº °æÁ¦Çеµ ´Ù½Ã Á¶¸í¹Þ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. [°æÁ¦ Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ÆÇÀ» ¹Ù²Û °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚ, ÄÉÀνº] [»ý¾Ö] Á¸ ¸ÞÀ̳ʵå ÄÉÀνº(John Maynard Keynes)´Â À×±Û·£µå ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö¼Å ÁÖ ÄÉÀӺ긮ÁöÀÇ Áß»ó·ùÃþ °¡Á¤¿¡¼ ž´Ù. Á¸ ¸ÞÀ̳ʵå ÄÉÀνºÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö Á¸ ³×ºô ÄÉÀνº (John Neville Keynes) ¿ª½Ã °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚ¿´À¸¸ç ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö ´ëÇб³¿¡¼ µµ´ö°úÇÐ °ÀǸ¦ ÇÏ¿´¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï Ç÷η»½º ÄÉÀνº(Florence Ada Keynes)´Â Áö¿ªÀÇ »çȸ°³Çõ°¡¿´´Ù. [ÁÖ½Ä ÅõÀÚ¿¡ ¼º°øÇß´ø °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚ, ÄÉÀνº] ÄÉÀνº´Â 2³²1³à Áß Àå³²À¸·Î žÀ¸¸ç ¸¶°¡·¿À̶ó´Â ¿©µ¿»ý°ú Á¦ÇÁ¸®¶ó´Â ³²µ¿»ýÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ ÄÉÀνº Àü±â ÀÛ°¡ÀÎ ·Î¹öÆ® ½ºÅ°µ¨½ºÅ° (Robert Skidelsky)¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÄÉÀνºÀÇ ºÎ¸ð´Â Àڽĵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¾ÖÁ¤ÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò°í ÁÖÀǵµ ¸¹ÀÌ ±â¿ï¿´´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀڽĵéÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª µ¹¾Æ¿Í¼ ½¯ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Æò»ýÀ» °°Àº Áý¿¡¼ »ì¾Ò´Ù. ÄÉÀνº´Â ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¹Àº µµ¿òÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÄÉÀÎÁî°¡ ÀåÇÐ±Ý ½ÃÇèÀ» Åë°úÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ÄÉÀÎÁî°¡ ÀþÀ» ¶§¿¡ ÀçÁ¤Àû Áö¿øµµ ÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÄÉÀνº°¡ 1929³â ´ë°øȲÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ»êÀ» °ÅÀÇ ÀÒ¾úÀ» ¶§¿¡µµ Á¸ ³×ºô ÄÉÀÎÁî´Â ÀڽĿ¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö¿øÀ» ¾Æ³¢Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÄÉÀνºÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ãë¹Ì¸¦ ¾ÆÀ̵鿡°Ô ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ÄÉÀνº´Â À¯³â±â ½ÃÀý ±³À°À» ÁÖ·Î Áý°ú Çб³¿¡¼ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. 1892³â¿¡ ¼¼ÀÎÆ® ÆäÀ̽º(St Faith) »ç¸³ ÃʵîÇб³ÀÇ ÇлýÀÌ µÇ±â Àü¿¡ 2³â µ¿¾È ÆÛ½º ½ºÄð À¯Ä¡¿ø (The Perse School nursery)¿¡ ´Ù³æ¾ú´Ù. Çб³ÀÇ ±³»ç´Â ÄÉÀνº´Â ¶È¶ÈÇÏÁö¸¸ ¶§¶§·Î ÁÖÀÇ·ÂÀÌ ¶³¾îÁö´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ» º¸ÀÌ¸ç °áÁ¤·ÂÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̶ó Æò°¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 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[Çй®] °æÁ¦Çп¡ °üÇÑ ÄÉÀνºÀÇ Ãʱ⠰ü½ÉÀº ÁÖ·Î ÈÆó¿Í ¿Üȯ¹®Á¦¿¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ÈĺÎÅÍ´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »çȸ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ÀÇ °í¿ë ¹× »ý»ê¼öÁØÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¿äÀο¡ °üÇÏ¿© Á¾·¡ÀÇ °æÁ¦ÀÌ·ÐÀ» Àç°ËÅäÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× °á°ú ´ëÇ¥Àû Àú¼ÀÎ ¡¶°í¿ë¡¤ÀÌÀÚ ¹× ÈÆóÀÇ ÀϹÝÀ̷С·(1936)¿¡¼ ¿ÏÀü°í¿ëÀ» ½ÇÇö¡¤À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ´Â ÀÚÀ¯¹æÀÓÁÖÀÇ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ¼Òºñ¿Í ÅõÀÚ, Áï À¯È¿¼ö¿ä¸¦ È®º¸Çϱâ À§ÇÑ Á¤ºÎÀÇ º¸¿ÏÃ¥(°ø°øÁöÃâ)ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. [ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ°¡ »ì¾Æ³²Àº ºñ°áÀº º¯µ¿¼º?] ÀÌ ÀÌ·Ð ¹× ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ Á¤Ã¥, ±× ±â¹ÝÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â »ç»óÀÇ °³ÇõÀ» 'ÄÉÀνº Çõ¸í'À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÈçÈ÷ ÇÁ·©Å¬¸° ·ç½ºº§Æ® ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ´ºµô Á¤Ã¥ÀÌ ÄÉÀνºÀÇ À̷п¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ¸¹Áö¸¸, ´ºµô Á¤Ã¥°ú ÄÉÀνºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº »ç½Ç ¿ì¿¬È÷ ºñ½ÁÇÑ ½Ã±â¿¡ ³ª¿ÔÀ» »Ó Ãʱ⿡ »óÈ£ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁØ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. [»ç»ýÈ°°ú °áÈ¥] ÄÉÀÎÁîÀÇ Ãʱ⠿¬¾Ö ¹× ¼ºÀû °ü°è´Â ¿À·ÎÁö ³²¼ºµé°ú¸¸ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. Keynes´Â Eton°ú Cambridge¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È °ü°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãʱâ ÆÄÆ®³Ê Áß Áß¿äÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº Dilly Knox ¿Í Daniel MacmillanÀ̾ú´Ù. 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[ÂùÁ¶ "¿¤°¡°¡ Á÷Á¢ ÁöÈÖÇÏ´Â À§Ç³´ç´ç ÇàÁø°î"] Keynes´Â ³ªÁß¿¡ Strachey¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú Áö´ÉÀº °°Àº »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô¼´Â °ÅÀÇ ¹ß°ßµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ Duncan Grant¿¡°Ô¼¸¸ ±× Á¶ÇÕÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù. Àü±â ÀÛ°¡ÀÎ ÇÇÅÍ Å¬¶óÅ©(Peter Clarke)´Â °áÈ¥ÀÌ ÄÉÀνº¿¡°Ô "°áÄÚ ÁöÄ¡Áö ¾Ê´Â »õ·Î¿î ÃÊÁ¡, »õ·Î¿î Á¤¼Àû ¾ÈÁ¤, ¼ø¼öÇÑ ±â»Ý"À» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù°í ½è´Ù. ºÎºÎ´Â ¾ÆÀ̸¦ °®±â¸¦ Èñ¸ÁÇßÁö¸¸ ¾ÆÀÌ´Â °®Áö ¸øÇß´Ù. KeynesÀÇ Bloomsbury Ä£±¸µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ Lopokova´Â Àû¾îµµ óÀ½¿¡´Â ±×³àÀÇ ¸Å³Ê, ´ëÈ ¹æ½Ä ¹× ¾Æ¸¶µµ º¯º¯Ä¡ ¾ÊÀº »çȸÀû Ãâ½ÅÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ºñÆÇÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. [ÆóÇã°¡ µÈ ·±´ø-¿µ±¹ º»Åä Ç×°øÀü (1940-41)] [¸»³â°ú Á×À½] ÄÉÀÎÁî´Â Æò»ý µ¿¾È ´ëÁß°ú Ä£±¸µé ¸ðµÎÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇØ Á¤·ÂÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÏÇß´Ù. °Ç°ÀÌ ³ª»¦À» ¶§¿¡µµ ÄÉÀνº´Â ¿¹Àü ´ëÇÐÀÇ ÀçÁ¤À» Á¤¸®Çϱâ À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ºê·¹Æ°¿ìÁî üÁ¦ ¼ö¸³À» µµ¿ì¸é¼ ÄÉÀνº´Â ¼¼°è °æÁ¦¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ ±¹Á¦ ÅëÈ Ã¼Á¦¸¦ È®¸³Çϱâ À§ÇØ ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. 1946³â ÄÉÀÎÁî´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ½ÉÀ帶ºñ¸¦ °Þ¾ú°í ÀÌ´Â °á±¹ Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆǸíµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº Á¶Áö¾Æ ÁÖ »ç¹Ù³ª ¿¡¼ ¿µ¹Ì ´ëÃâ Çù»óÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇߴµ¥, ±×°÷¿¡¼ ÄÉÀνº´Â ¹Ì±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿µ±¹¿¡ À¯¸®ÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ» È®º¸ÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ÄÉÀνº°¡ "¿ÏÀüÇÑ Áö¿Á"À̶ó°í ¹¦»çÇÑ °úÁ¤À̾ú´Ù. [1940³â´ë ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¸ð½À] ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ µ¹¾Æ¿Â Áö ¸î ÁÖ ÈÄ, ÄÉÀÎÁî´Â 1946³â 4¿ù 21ÀÏ ¿µ±¹ À̽ºÆ® ¼½Ä½ºÀÇ Firle ±Ùó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ó°¡ÀÎ Tilton¿¡¼ 62¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ·Î ½ÉÀ帶ºñ·Î »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. [Ã߸ð "ÇູÇß´Ù... ¾È³ç" K-Pop] ÄÉÀνº´Â ±×ÀÇ À縦 King 'sÀÇ ÁöÇϽǿ¡ º¸°üÇϱ⸦ ¿øÇßÁö¸¸, ÄÉÀνºÀÇ Àç´Â Tilton À§ÀÇ Downs¿¡ »Ñ·ÁÁ³´Ù. ÄÉÀνºÀÇ ºÎ¸ð´Â ¸ðµÎ ÄÉÀÎÁ´Ù ¿À·¡ »ì¾Ò´Âµ¥, ¾Æ¹öÁö Á¸ ³×ºô ÄÉÀνº(1852~1949)´Â 3³â, ¾î¸Ó´Ï Ç÷η»½º ¿¡ÀÌ´Ù ÄÉÀνº(1861~1958)´Â 12³â ´õ »ì¾Ò´Ù. ÄÉÀνºÀÇ µ¿»ýÀÎ Á¦ÇÁ¸® ÄÉÀνº °æ (1887~1982)Àº Àú¸íÇÑ ¿Ü°úÀÇ»çÀÌÀÚ ÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ µ¶¼±¤À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÄÉÀÎÁîÀÇ ¿©µ¿»ý ¸¶°¡·¿ Èú (1885~1970)Àº Àú¸íÇÑ »çȸ °³Çõ°¡¿´´Ù. ÄÉÀνºÀÇ Á¶Ä«·Î´Â »ý¸®ÇÐÀÚÀÎ Richard Keynes (1919~2010)¿Í ¸ðÇè°¡ÀÌÀÚ µµ¼ ¾ÖÈ£°¡ÀÎ Quentin Keynes (1921~2003)°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÄÉÀνºÀÇ Á¶Ä«ÀÎ Æú¸® Èú(Polly Hill , 1914~2005)Àº °æÁ¦ ÀηùÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö Ŭ·¹¾î ȦÀÇ ¸í¿¹ ¿¬±¸¿øÀ̾ú´Ù. ÄÉÀνº¿¡°Ô´Â Àڳడ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. 1942³â ³²ÀÛ ÀÛÀ§¿¡ ¼ÀӵǾú´Âµ¥, Àڳడ ¾ø¾î¼ ÀÛÀ§´Â »ç¶óÁ³´Ù. ÄÉÀνºÀÇ ¹Ì¸ÁÀÎ ¸®µð¾Æ ·ÎÆ÷ÄÚ¹Ù( Lydia Lopokova )´Â 1981³â¿¡ »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. [¾î·Ï] ÀÌ Àå±âÀû °èȹÀº ÇöÀç »ç¾È¿¡ ´ëÇØ À߸øµÈ ¾È³»¸¦ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àå±âÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ Á״´Ù. But this long run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run, we are all dead. - Á¸ ¸ÞÀ̳ʵå ÄÉÀνº, <ÈÆó°³Çõ·Ð> 1923³â - ¼¼»ó¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¾î·Á¿î ÀÏÀº »õ·Î¿î ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ ¼ö¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °ú°ÅÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ ÀØ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯¹æÀÓ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ´Â 1914³â 8¿ù¿¡ ³¡³µ´Ù. ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ´Â °¡Àå »ç¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °ø°øÀÇ ¼±À» Ãß±¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ °¡Àå »ç¾ÇÇÑ ÇൿÀ» Çϸ®¶ó´Â ³î¶ó¿î ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ´Ù. Capitalism is the astounding belief that the most wickedest of men will do the most wickedest of things for the greatest good of everyone. ±×·±µ¥, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »çÅ´ ¾î´À Á¤µµÀÇ °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇ(ËÁìÑñ«ëù)¿Í ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ̱â´Â ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ¶Ç ÀÌÀÚ »ýÈ°ÀÚµéÀÇ ¾È¶ô»ç(äÌäÅÞÝ)¸¦, ¶Ç µû¶ó¼ ÀÚº»ÀÇ Èñ¼Ò°¡Ä¡¸¦ ÃÖ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ·Á´Â ÀÚº»°¡ÀÇ ´©ÀûÀûÀÎ ¾Ð·ÂÀÌ ¾È¶ô»ç ´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ »ç»óÀº ¿Çµç Ʋ¸®µç ÀϹÝÀεéÀÇ »ó»ó°ú´Â ´Þ¸® ÈξÀ ´õ ¸·°ÇÏ´Ù. ¼¼»óÀº À̵鿡 ÀÇÇØ Áö¹èµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² ÁöÀû ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅ͵µ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ½Ç¹«°¡µéÁ¶Â÷µµ ´ë°³´Â Á×Àº °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ³ë¿¹¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù. Á¤ºÎ°¡ ³°Àº º´¿¡ µ·À» °¡µæ ä¿ö ³ÖÀº ÈÄ ±×°ÍÀ» ¾î´À Æ󱤿¡´Ù ¹¯¾îµÎ°í´Â, ±â¾÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸¶À½´ë·Î ±× µ·À» ÆÄ °¡µµ·Ï ³»¹ö·Á µÐ´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇØ º¸ÀÚ. ±×¶§ºÎÅÍ´Â ¸ðµÎ ±× µ·À» Æij»±â¿¡ Ç÷¾ÈÀÌ µÉ ÅÍÀ̹ǷΠ½Ç¾÷ÀÌ ÁÙ¾îµé°í, ½ÇÁú¼Òµæ°ú ºÎµµ Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýº¸´Ù´Â ±× µ·À¸·Î ÁÖÅÃÀ» Áþ°Å³ª ÇÏ´Â ÆíÀÌ ´õ Çö¸íÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °Íº¸´Ù´Â ³ªÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °¡°ÝÀÌ ½ÅÃàÀûÀ̶ó ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °íÀüÆÄ ÀÌ·ÐÀº °æÁ¦°¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿òÁ÷ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â°Ô ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿òÁ÷¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ´çÀ§¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ½ÇÁ¦¿Í ´çÀ§¸¦ È¥µ¿Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¸é ´ç¸éÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÀºÇà¿¡¼ 100ÆÄ¿îµå¸¦ ºô¸°´Ù¸é ±×°Ç ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´ç½ÅÀÌ 100¸¸ ÆÄ¿îµå¸¦ ºô·È´Ù¸é, ±×°Ç ÀÌÁ¦ ÀºÇàÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Ù. If you owe your bank a hundred pounds, you have a problem. But if you owe a million, it has. Á¤ºÎ ±â´ÉÀÇ È®´ë´Â ÀÚÀ¯¹æÀÓ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä§ÇØ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ºØ±«¸¦ ¸·´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀ̶ó´Â Á¡¿¡¼ ÁöÁöÇÑ´Ù. - Á¸ ¸ÞÀ̳ʵå ÄÉÀÎÁî <°í¿ë, ÀÌÀÚ ¹× ÈÆóÀÇ ÀϹÝÀÌ·Ð> 1936³â - ³²´Â °ÍÀº ÀüÀï»Ó. -º£¸£»çÀ¯Á¶¾à¿¡ ¸í½ÃµÈ ÀüÀï¹è»ó±Ý Á¶Ç׿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÄÉÀÎÁî Æò°¡ ------------------------------ [Gemini AI ´äº¯¿¡ ¿À·ù(hallucination: ȯ°¢ µî)°¡ ÀÖÀ¸´Ï, ´Ü¼ø Àç¹Ì·Î¸¸ ÂüÁ¶¹Ù¶÷] (from https://gemini.google.com) °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚ Á¸ ¸ÞÀ̳ʵå ÄÉÀνº(John Maynard Keynes, °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚ, England)°¡ Á¦ÀÏ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°Àº? Á¸ ¸ÞÀ̳ʵå ÄÉÀνº°¡ Á¦ÀÏ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°À» Á¤È®È÷ ÆľÇÇϱâ´Â ¾î·Æ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÄªÂù°ú ºñÆÇÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¦½ÃÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ »ý°¢Àº ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³²¿¡ µû¶ó º¯ÈÇϱ⵵ Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÄÉÀνºÀÇ Àú¼ú°ú ¹ß¾ðÀ» Á¾ÇÕÇغ¸¸é, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¿ª»çÀû Àι°µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ Æ¯º°ÇÑ °ü½É°ú Á¸°æÀ» °¡Á³´Ù°í ÃßÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill, öÇÐÀÚ, °æÁ¦ÇÐÀÚ, ¿µ±¹): ÄÉÀνº´Â ¹ÐÀ» "19¼¼±â ÃÖ°íÀÇ »çȸ°úÇÐÀÚ"¶ó°í Æò°¡ÇÏ¸ç ±×ÀÇ °æÁ¦ÇÐÀû »ç°í¹æ½Ä°ú °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇ Ã¶Çп¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. 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[ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ] ========================================== John Maynard Keynes [Born] 5 June 1883 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England [Died] 21 April 1946 (aged 62) Tilton, near Firle, Sussex, England [Institution] King's College, Cambridge [Field] Political economy, Probability [School or tradition] Keynesian economics [Alma mater] King's College, Cambridge [Influences] Jeremy Bentham, Thomas Malthus, Alfred Marshall, Nicholas Johannsen, Knut Wicksell, Piero Sraffa, John Neville Keynes, Bertrand Russell John Maynard Keynes, 1st Baron Keynes CB FBA (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946), was a British economist whose ideas fundamentally changed the theory and practice of macroeconomics and the economic policies of governments. [Who is John Maynard Keynes] He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and is widely considered to be one of the most influential economists of the 20th century and the founder of modern macroeconomics. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics and its various offshoots. In the 1930s, Keynes spearheaded a revolution in economic thinking, challenging the ideas of neoclassical economics that held that free markets would, in the short to medium term, automatically provide full employment, as long as workers were flexible in their wage demands. He instead argued that aggregate demand determined the overall level of economic activity and that inadequate aggregate demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment. According to Keynesian economics, state intervention was necessary to moderate "boom and bust" cycles of economic activity. Keynes advocated the use of fiscal and monetary policies to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions and depressions. Following the outbreak of World War II, the leading Western economies adopted Keynes's policy recommendations, and in the two decades following Keynes's death in 1946, almost all capitalist governments had done so. Keynes's influence waned in the 1970s, partly as a result of the severe stagflation that stalled the Anglo-American economies throughout that decade, and partly because of criticism of Keynesian theories by Milton Friedman, who had predicted that condition. He and other economists had disputed the ability of government to regulate the business cycle favourably with fiscal policy. Although some have said that Friedman's monetary theory influenced the Federal Reserve's response to the global financial crisis of 2007–08, others have raised concerns about the validity and longevity of Friedman's theories and characterized government economic policies undertaken during that period as a worldwide resurgence in Keynesian thought. When Time magazine included Keynes among its Most Important People of the Century in 1999, it said that "his radical idea that governments should spend money they don't have may have saved capitalism." The Economist has described Keynes as "Britain's most famous 20th-century economist." In addition to being an economist, Keynes was also a civil servant, a director of the Bank of England, and a part of the Bloomsbury Group of intellectuals. (from naver.com wikipedia,org ³ª¹«À§Å° µî) [Map of Consciousness] British economist, Bank of England, influential economists~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): Bo(MoC: Map of Consciousness) ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ MoC(ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØ): 500~600
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