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½ºÅ¸Àκ¤-John Steinbeck,¼Ò¼³°¡,³ëº§¹®Çлó,USA | |
[Ãâ»ý] 1902³â 2¿ù 27ÀÏ ¹Ì±¹ Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ¼³¸®³Ê½º ['¿¡µ§ÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ' ÀÛ°¡, Á¸ ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ °íÇâ] [»ç¸Á] 1968³â 12¿ù 20ÀÏ (66¼¼) ¹Ì±¹ ´º¿å [¹Ì±¹ ´º¿å °Ü¿ï¿©Çà] [Á÷¾÷] ¼Ò¼³°¡ [±¹Àû] ¹Ì±¹ [¹Ì±¹ ¿©Çà] [´ëÇ¥ÀÛ] ¡¶»ýÁã¿Í Àΰ£¡·(1937³â) ¡¶ºÐ³ëÀÇ Æ÷µµ¡·(1939³â) ¡¶¿¡µ§ÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ¡·(1952³â) ¡¶ºÒ¸¸ÀÇ °Ü¿ï¡·(1961³â) µî [¼ö»ó³»¿ª] 1939³â ǽ¸®Ã³»ó 1962³â ³ëº§ ¹®Çлó [¿ä¾à] Á¸ ¾ð½ºÆ® ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ (John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. 1902³â 2¿ù 27ÀÏ ~ 1968³â 12¿ù 20ÀÏ) Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³°¡À̸ç, ¹Ì±¹ °æÁ¦±¸Á¶ÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀ¸·Î °íÅë¹Þ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ °¡³ÇÑ »îÀ» »ç½Ç ±×´ë·Î ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â ÀÛÇ°È°µ¿À» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. Àª¸®¾ö Æ÷Å©³Ê¿Í ¾î´Ï½ºÆ® Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌÀÇ µÚ¸¦ ÀÌÀº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ÀÛ°¡·Î ¼Õ²ÅÈ÷¸ç, ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°Àº µû¶æÇÑ Àΰ£¹Ì°¡ ³ÑÄ¡´Â ¹®Ã¼¿¡ Ư¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. [°æ·Â] [¼ºÀå°úÁ¤] Á¸ ¾ð½ºÆ® ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº 1902³â 2¿ù 27ÀÏ, ¹Ì±¹ Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ÁÖ¿¡¼ ž´Ù. ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº ¾Æ¹öÁö Á¸ ½º¾ðÆ® ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ 3¼¼¿Í ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¿Ã¸®ºê ÇعÐÅÏ»çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¿Üµ¿¾Æµé·Î ž´Ù. ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÌ ÅÂ¾î³ °íÇâÀº ³ó¾÷Áö¿ªÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº ³ó¾÷ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ »îÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ¸é¼ ÀÚ¶ö ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1920³â ½ºÅÄÆ÷µå ´ëÇб³¿¡ ¿µ¹®Çаú ÇлýÀ¸·Î ÀÔÇÐÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ´ëÇлý ½ÃÀý ¸ñÀå, µµ·Î°ø»çÀå, ¸ñȹç, Á¦´ç°øÀå¿¡¼ ÀÏÇß´Ù. À̶§ÀÇ ³ëµ¿°æÇèÀº Èʳ¯ ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÌ ÀÛ°¡°¡ µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ¹Ø¹Ù´Ú ÀλýµéÀÇ »îÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. [Á¸ ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤, John Steinbeck] [ÀÛÇ°È°µ¿] [½Â»ê¾ø´Â ½Î¿ò] ´ëÇб³¸¦ ÁßÅðÇÑ ±×´Â <´º¿å ŸÀÓ½º>ÁöÀÇ ±âÀÚ·Î ÀÏÇßÀ¸¸ç, 1929³â ÇØÀû ¼Ò¼³ ¡¶È²±ÝÀÇ ÀÜ¡·À¸·Î ¹®´Ü¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ¿´°í <»ýÁã¿Í Àΰ£>À¸·Î À¯¸íÇØÁ³´Ù. 1936³â ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº ¹Ì±¹ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿À» ¼ÒÀç·Î ÇÑ ¡¶Àǽɽº·¯¿î ½Î¿ò¡·(In Dubious Battle)À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¡¶Àǽɽº·¯¿î ½Î¿ò¡·Àº 1936³â ¹Ì±¹ ÃâÆÇ°èÀÇ º£½ºÆ®¼¿·¯°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚ°¡ ÂøÃë¹Þ´Â °ú¼ö¿ø ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ Æľ÷ÅõÀïÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¼Ò¼³ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ´ç¿¬È÷ À̳ä³íÀïÀ» ºÒ·¯¿Í¼, ´ç½Ã ¿ìÆĵéÀº °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ µ¿Á¤À» ²ø¾î ¸ðÀ¸·Á Çß´Ù°í ºñ³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°Àº ³ëµ¿¿îµ¿ÀÌ È°¹ßÇÏ´ø ¹Ì±¹ »çȸÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ¼ÒÀç·Î ÇÑ Áï, ½Ã´ë»óȲ¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î 1935³âºÎÅÍ 1937³â±îÁöÀÇ 2³â µ¿¾È ³ëÁ¶ Á¶Á÷·üÀº 10%¿¡¼ 20%·Î µÎ ¹è ÀÌ»ó ¶Ù¾î ¿Ã¶úÀ¸¸ç, ³ëµ¿¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¼º°Ýµµ ¼÷·Ã³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕ °á¼º¿¡¼ »ê¾÷º° ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕ °á¼ºÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1939³â¿¡´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé°ú °°ÀÌ ÀÏÇÑ °æÇèÀ» ¼ÒÀç·Î ÇÑ ¡¶ºÐ³ëÀÇ Æ÷µµ¡·¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ["ºÐ³ëÀÇ Æ÷µµ" by Á¸ ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ ] ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°¿¡ ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÁÖÀÎ ÀºÇà¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³óÀåÀ» »©¾Ñ±ä Á¶µå ÀÏ°¡¸¦ µîÀå½ÃÄÑ, ÁöÁÖ, ÀºÇà, °æÂûÀÇ ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ Åº¾ÐÀ» °í¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¿ÀŬ¶óÈ£¸¶ ÁÖµîÀÇ ¿©·¯ ÁÖ¿¡¼´Â ±Ý¼·Î ÁöÁ¤µÇ°í, Ã¥ÀÌ ºÒÅ¿öÁ³´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ¿¬¹æ ¼ö»ç±¹(FBI)¿¡¼± ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤À» °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚ·Î ÀǽÉÇÏ°í, ¡¶ºÐ³ëÀÇ Æ÷µµ¡·°¡ ¹Ý¹Ì¼±Àü¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëµÉ °ÍÀ» ¿ì·ÁÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº ´ç½Ã FBIÀÇ ¼ö»ç±¹ÀåÀÌÀÚ ¿ìÆÄÀÎ ¿¡µå°Å ÈĹöÀÇ °¨½Ã¿¡ ºÐ³ëÇÏ¿© ¡°¿¡µå°ÅÀÇ ¶Ê¸¶´ÏµéÀÌ ³» µÚ¸¦ ¹âÁö ¾Ê°Ô ÇØÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ú¼Ò? Â¥ÁõÀÌ ³ª´Â±º¿ä.¡±¶ó´Â ÆíÁö¸¦ ¹ý¹«Àå°ü¿¡ º¸³Â´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°Àº ÈÄ¿¡ ǽ¸®Ã³»óÀ» ¼ö»óÇß´Ù. ±×¿Ü ÀÛÇ°À¸·Î´Â ¡¶ºÒ¸¸ÀÇ °Ü¿ï¡·°ú ¡¶´ÞÀº Áö´Ù¡· ¡¶¿¡µ§ÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ¡·µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. [»ý¾Ö È°µ¿ ¹× ¿¬º¸ µî] ·Î½ºÆ® Á¦³Ê·¹À̼ÇÀ» ÀÌÀº 30³â´ëÀÇ »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¸®¾ó¸®ÁòÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â ¹Ì±¹ ¼Ò¼³°¡·Î »çȸÀǽÄÀÌ °·ÄÇÑ ÀÛÇ°°ú ¿ÂÈÇÑ ÈÞ¸Ó´ÏÁòÀÌ ³ÑÄ¡´Â ÀÛÇ°À» ½è´Ù. ÁÖ¿ä Àú¼·Î ¡¶ºÐ³ëÀÇ Æ÷µµ¡·,¡¶¿¡µ§ÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ¡· µîÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ³ëº§ ¹®Çлó, ǽ¸®Ã³ »óÀ» ¼ö»óÇß´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾ÆÁÖ ¼³¸®³Ê½º¿¡¼ ž´Ù. 1962³â ³ëº§¹®ÇлóÀ» ¼ö»óÇÏ¿´´Ù. À̸¥¹Ù ·Î½ºÆ® Á¦³Ê·¹À̼Ç(Lost Generation)À» ÀÌÀº 30³â´ëÀÇ »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¸®¾ó¸®ÁòÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â ÀÛ°¡·Î¼, ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³Àº »çȸÀǽÄÀÌ °·ÄÇÑ ÀÛÇ°°ú ¿ÂÈÇÑ ÈÞ¸Ó´ÏÁòÀÌ ³ÑÄ¡´Â ÀÛÇ°À¸·Î ´ëº°µÈ´Ù. ±ºÃ»ÀÇ Ãâ³³°ü¸®¿´´ø µ¶ÀÏ°è ¾Æ¹öÁö¿Í ÃʵîÇб³ ±³¿øÀÎ ¾î¸Ó´Ï »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ž´Ù. °¡Á¤ÀÌ ¾î·Á¿ö °íµîÇб³ ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ ³óÀåÀÏÀ» °Åµå´Â µî °íÇÐÀ¸·Î ½ºÅÄÆÛµå´ëÇб³ ¿µ¹®Çаú¿¡ ÁøÇÐÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 1925³â ÇÐÀÚ±Ý ºÎÁ·À¸·Î ÁßÅð, ¹®ÇÊ»ýÈ°¿¡ Åõ½ÅÇϱâ·Î °á½ÉÇÏ¿´´Ù. ´º¿åÀ¸·Î ¿Í¼ ½Å¹®±âÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, °´°üÀûÀÎ »ç½Çº¸µµ°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ ÁÖ°üÀû ±â»ç¸¸ ½è±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÇØ°íµÇ¾î, °®°¡Áö ¸·³ëµ¿À¸·Î »ý°è¸¦ À̾ú´Ù. À°Ã¼³ëµ¿À¸·Î °¢Áö¸¦ ÀüÀüÇÏ´Ù°¡ Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Í º°ÀåÁö±â¸¦ ÇÏ¸é¼ Ã³³àÀÛ ¡¶È²±ÝÀÇ ÀÜ¡·(1929)À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿µ±¹ ÇØÀû Ç ¸ð°ÇÀ» ÁÖÀΰøÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ³¶¸¸ÀûÀÎ À̾߱⿴À¸³ª ¹ÝÇâÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. 1930³â¿¡ °áÈ¥, °¡³°ú ½Î¿ì¸é¼ Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ³ó¹ÎÀÇ ÀÌ»óÇÑ »ýÈ°À» ÁÖÁ¦·Î ÇÑ ´ÜÆíÁý ¡¶ÇÏ´ÃÀÇ ¸ñÀå¡·(1932)À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ¾î¼ ÇÑ ³ó¹ÎÀÇ ÅäÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÅºñÀûÀÎ ÁýÂøÀ» ´Ù·é ¡¶¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ½Å¿¡°Ô¡·(1933)¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ¿ª½Ã ÁÖ¸ñÀ» ²øÁö ¸øÇÏ°í, 1935³âÀÇ ¡¶Å丣Ƽ¾ß ´ëÁö(Óæò¢) Tortilla Flat¡··Î °Ü¿ì ÀÛ°¡·Î¼ÀÇ À̸§À» ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ÇØ¾È ¿¬º¯ÀÇ ¸¶À» ¸óÆ®¸®¿¡ »ç´Â ÆÄÀÌ»ç³ëÀÇ »ýÈ°À» µû¶æÇÑ À¯¸Ó¿Í ÆäÀ̼ҽº¸¦ ´ã¾Æ ±×¸° ÀÛÇ°ÀÌ´Ù. À̵ëÇØ °ú¼ö¿øÀÇ Æľ÷À» »ç½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸° ¡¶½ÂºÎ ¾ø´Â ½Î¿ò In Dubious Battle¡·(1936)À» ¾²°í, ÀÌ¾î¼ ¡¶»ýÁã¿Í Àΰ£ Of Mice and Men¡·(1937)ÀÇ ¹ßÇ¥·Î ±×ÀÇ ¸í¼ºÀº È®°íÇÑ °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÛdzÀº µÎ ³ëµ¿ÀÚÀÇ ¿ìÁ¤À» ±×¸° °ÍÀ¸·Î, º£½ºÆ®¼¿·¯°¡ µÇ°í, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ Èñ°îÈÇÏ¿© ¿µÈ·Îµµ Á¦À۵ǾúÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹Ì±¹ Èñ°î ºñÆò°¡»óÀ» ¼ö»óÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1938³â ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÇ ¼Ò³â½ÃÀýÀ» ±×¸° ¶Ù¾î³ ´ÜÆíÁý ¡¶±ä °ñÂ¥±â The Long Valley¡·¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ°í, À̵ëÇØ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛ ¡¶ºÐ³ëÀÇ Æ÷µµ The Grapes of Wrath¡·(1939)·Î ǽ¸®Ã³»óÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±â°èÈ ³ó¾÷ÀÇ ¾Ð¹ÚÀ¸·Î ³óÅä¿¡¼ ÂѰܳ À̵¿³ó¹ÎµéÀÇ ºñÂüÇÑ »ýÈ°À» º¯ÃµÇÏ´Â »çȸ¾ç»ó°ú ÇÔ²² ÈûÂ÷°Ô ±×¸° ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°Àº ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »çȸÀÇ ¸ð¼ø°ú °áÇÔÀ» °í¹ßÇÏ¸ç ±íÀº °¨¸íÀ» ÁÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÇ ¸ðµç ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ Àúº¯¿¡ È帣´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ¼±ÀÇ¿Í ÀηùÀÇ ¿î¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Åºñ·Î¿î ½Å·Ú°¡ ±× ºñÆÇÀ» ÁßÈÇÏ´Â °á°ú°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÛÇ°±¸¼º ¸é¿¡¼µµ »õ·Î¿î ½Ãµµ°¡ ¿³º¸ÀÌ´Â »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¸®¾ó¸®ÁòÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À¸·Î¼, ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°À¸·Î 1930³â´ëÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× ÈÄ ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÇ °ü½ÉÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ¸¦ ¶°³ª ±¹¿Ü·Î ÇâÇØÁ³´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ Èï¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ¡¶´ÞÀÌ Áö´Ù The Moon is Down¡·(1942)°¡ ÃâÆǵǰí, ÇØ¿Ü¿©Çà¿¡¼ ±Í±¹ÇÑ µÚ ¡¶ÅëÁ¶¸² °ñ¸ñ Cannery Row¡·(1944), dz¼Ó ¼Ò¼³ ¡¶º¯´ö½º·± ¹ö½º The Wayward Bus¡·(1947), ¸ß½ÃÄÚ ¹ÎÈ ¡¶ÁøÁÖ(òØñÁ) The Pearl¡·(1947), °ø»óÀûÀÎ Èñ°î ¡¶¹ú°Ó°Ô Ÿ¿À¸£´Ù Burning Bright¡·(1950) µîÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¡¶¿¡µ§ÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ East of Eden¡·(1952)ÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¡¶ºÐ³ëÀÇ Æ÷µµ¡· ÀÌ·¡ÀÇ ´ëÀÛÀ¸·Î, ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÌ Àü·ÂÀ» ±â¿ïÀÌ°í, ³²ºÏÀüÀï¿¡¼ Á¦lÂ÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü±îÁöÀÇ ½Ã´ë¸¦ ¹è°æÀ¸·Î, ¿¡µ§ µ¿»êÀ» ã¾Æ ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ²Þ²Ù´Â ÀÚµéÀÇ À̾߱â·Î¼, óÀ½À¸·Î ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÇ °¡°èµµ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¾ß½ÉÀÛÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¹Û¿¡µµ ¡¶ÅëÁ¶¸² °ñ¸ñ¡·ÀÇ ¼ÓÆíÀÎ ¡¶Áñ°Å¿î ¸ñ¿äÀÏ¡·(1954) ¡¶ÇÇÇÉ 4¼¼ÀÇ ÂªÀº Ä¡¼¼¡·(1957) µî °¡º¿î ±âÁö°¡ ³ÑÄ¡´Â ÀÛÇ°ÀÌ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1961³â¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÈ ¡¶¿ì¸® ºÒ¸¸ÀÇ °Ü¿ï The Winter of Our Discontent¡·Àº, ±×°¡ ÇѶ§ »ó½ÇÇÏ¿´´ø »çȸ¿ÍÀÇ ¿¬´ë°¨ ȸº¹À̶ó´Â Á¡¿¡¼ ÁÖ¸ñµÇ¾ú´Ù. [Á¸ ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ ¿¬º¸] 1902 2¿ù 27ÀÏ Ä¶¸®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ Ãâ»ý. [¹Ì±¹ ¼ºÎ ¿©Çà] 1920 ½ºÅÄÆÛµå ´ëÇÐ ¿µ¹®°ú¿¡ ÀÔÇÐ. 1925 ÇÐÀÚ±Ý ºÎÁ·À¸·Î ÁßÅð. ¡¶´º¿å ŸÀÓÁî¡·ÁöÀÇ ±âÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸³ª °ð ÇØ°íµÇ°í ¸ñÀå, µµ·Î°ø»çÀå, ¸ñȹç, Á¦´Ü°øÀå µî¿¡¼ ÀÏÇÔ. 1929 ÇØÀû ¼Ò¼³ ¡¶È²±ÝÀÇ ÀÜ Cup of Gold : a Life of Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer, with Occasional Reference to History¡·À¸·Î ¹®´Ü¿¡ µîÀå. 1936 ¹Ì±¹ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿À» ¼ÒÀç·Î ÇÑ ¡¶½ÂºÎ ¾ø´Â ½Î¿ò In Dubious Battle¡·À» ¹ßÇ¥, º£½ºÆ®¼¿·¯ ÀÛ°¡°¡ µÊ. 1937 ¡¶»ýÁã¿Í Àΰ£ Of Mice and Men¡· ¹ßÇ¥. 1939 ¡¶ºÐ³ëÀÇ Æ÷µµ The Grapes of Wrath¡· ¹ßÇ¥. ǽ¸®Ã³»ó ¼ö»ó. 1942 ¡¶´ÞÀÌ Áö´Ù The Moon is Down¡· ÃâÆÇ. 1947 ¡¶º¯´ö½º·± ¹ö½º The Wayward Bus¡· ¹ßÇ¥. 1952 ¡¶¿¡µ§ÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ East of Eden¡· ¹ßÇ¥. 1954 ¡¶Áñ°Å¿î ¸ñ¿äÀÏ Seet Thursday¡· ¹ßÇ¥. 1961 ¡¶¿ì¸® ºÒ¸¸ÀÇ °Ü¿ï The Winter of Our Discontent¡· ¹ßÇ¥. 1962 ³ëº§ ¹®Çлó ¼ö»ó. 1968 12¿ù 20ÀÏ »ç¸Á. [Á¸½ºÅ¸ÀÎ ¹éÀÇ '±¹È'] [Àú¼] Cup of Gold (1927) The Pastures of Heaven (1932) »¡°£ ¸Á¾ÆÁö The Red Pony (1933) To a God Unknown (1933) Å丣Ƽ¾ß ¸¶À» À̾߱â Tortilla Flat (1935) Àǽɽº·¯¿î ½Î¿ò In Dubious Battle (1936) »ýÁã¿Í Àΰ£ Of Mice and Men (1937) ['»ýÁã¿Í Àΰ£' (1939³â)] The Long Valley (1938) ºÐ³ëÀÇ Æ÷µµ (The Grapes of Wrath) (1939) The Forgotten Village (1941) Sea of Cortez: A Leisurely Journal of Travel and Research (1941) The Moon Is Down (1942) Bombs Away: The Story of a Bomber Team (1942) ÅëÁ¶¸²°øÀå °ñ¸ñ Cannery Row (1945) The Wayward Bus (1947) ÁøÁÖ The Pearl (1947) A Russian Journal (1948) Burning Bright (1950) The Log from the Sea of Cortez (1951) ¿¡µ§ÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ East of Eden (1952) ´ÞÄÞÇÑ ¸ñ¿äÀÏ Sweet Thursday (1954) The Short Reign of Pippin IV: A Fabrication (1957) Once There Was A War (1958) The Winter of Our Discontent (1961) Âû¸®¿Í ÇÔ²²ÇÑ ¿©Çà Travels with Charley: In Search of America (1962) America and Americans (1966) Journal of a Novel: The East of Eden Letters (1969) Viva Zapata! (1975) The Acts of King Arthur and His Noble Knights (1976) Working Days: The Journals of The Grapes of Wrath (1989) --------------------------------------- ¡¶¿¡µ§ÀÇ µ¿ÂÊ¡·(East of Eden)Àº ¿¤¸®¾Æ Ä«ÀÜ °¨µ¶, Á¦ÀÓ½º µò ÁÖ¿¬ÀÇ »öä ½Ã³×¸¶½ºÄÚÇÁ ¿µÈÀÌ´Ù. 1955³â¿¡ Á¦À۵Ǿú´Ù. Á¸ ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÇ µ¿¸íÀÇ ¼Ò¼³À» ¿øÀÛÀ¸·Î Çß´Ù. [ÁٰŸ®] Ķ¸®Æ÷´Ï¾ÆÀÇ ³óÀåÁÖÀÎ ¾Ö´ý(·¹ÀÌ¸Õµå ¸À¼¼ÀÌ)ÀÇ 2³² Ķ(Á¦ÀÓ½º µò)Àº ÀÚÀ¯ºÐ¹æÇÑ ÀþÀºÀÌÀε¥, ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ Çü¸¸À» ½Å·ÚÇÏ°í ¾ÖÁ¤À» ½ñ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ø¸¶¶¥ÇÏ°Ô º¸¸é¼ ÇüÀÇ ¾àÈ¥ÀÚ ¿¡ºê¶ó(ÁÙ¸® Çظ®½º)¿Í Ä£¹ÐÇØÁø´Ù. ÀÌÀ¹°í ³óÀåÀ» À§±â¿¡¼ °ÇÁ® º¸·Á°í º¯ÅëÇØ ¿Â 5õ ´Þ·¯ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¾Æ¹öÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ²ÙÁßÀ» µè°í¼ È°¡ ³ ĶÀº °Å¸®ÀÇ ¼úÁý ¿©ÁÖÀÎÀÌ ÀÚ±â³×µé ÇüÁ¦ÀÇ »ý¸ðÀÓÀ» Çü¿¡°Ô Æø·ÎÇÑ´Ù. Ãæ°ÝÀ» ¹ÞÀº ÇüÀº ¼úÀ» ¸¶½Ã°í ±º´ë¿¡ ÀÔ´ëÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼Òµ¿À¸·Î ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â Á¹µµÇÏ¿© ¹Ý½ÅºÒ¼öÀÇ ¸öÀÌ µÇ°í, °Ü¿ì ĶÀÇ ½ÉÁ¤À» ÀÌÇØÇÏ¿© ¾ÖÁ¤À¸·Î ¸Î¾îÁø´Ù. [Æò°¡ ¹× °¨»ó] ½Ã³×¸¶½ºÄÚÇÁ Å©±â¸¦ °í·ÁÇÑ ±¸µµ¿Í »öäȿ°ú°¡ ¶Ù¾î³ª¸ç, ÇÑ ÀþÀºÀÌÀÇ °íµ¶°ú ½½ÇÄ°ú ±â»ÝÀ» µå¶ó¸¶ÀûÀ¸·Î Àü°³ÇÏ¿© dz¼ºÇÑ Á¤°¨À» ¹èÇÕÇؼ ±×·Á³»¾ú´Ù°í Æò°¡µÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. [±âŸ] Á¦ÀÓ½º µòÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î Ã⿬ÇÑ ¿µÈÀÌ´Ù. --------------------------------------- [ê GPT ´äº¯] (´äº¯¿¡ ¿À·ù°¡ ¸¹À¸´Ï, ´Ü¼ø Àç¹Ì·Î¸¸ ÂüÁ¶¹Ù¶÷) (from https://chat.openai.com/chat) ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤(John Steinbeck)ÀÌ Á¦ÀÏ ÁÁ¾ÆÇß´ø ¿ª»çÀû Àι°Àº? ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤(John Steinbeck)Àº ¿ª»çÀû Àι° Áß¿¡¼µµ ¹Ì±¹ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÎ ¿¡À̺귯ÇÜ ¸µÄÁ(Abraham Lincoln)À» °¡Àå ÁÁ¾ÆÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº ¸µÄÁÀÇ Àΰ£¼º°ú Á¤ÀǷοî Áöµµ·Â, ±×¸®°í ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ ÆóÁö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ³ë·Â µîÀ» Á¸°æÇÏ¸ç ±×ÀÇ »î°ú ¾÷Àû¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¹Àº ÀÛÇ°À» ½è½À´Ï´Ù. ƯÈ÷, ±×ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛ Áß ÇϳªÀÎ ¼Ò³â°ú ¹Ù´Ù(The Red Pony)¿¡¼´Â ¸µÄÁÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÏ¸ç ¸µÄÁÀÇ µµ´öÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨¸íÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇϱ⵵ Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤(John Steinbeck)ÀÌ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ Çѱ¹ Æ®·ÎÆ® ³ë·¡ Á¦¸ñÀº ¹«¾ùÀϱî? ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤(John Steinbeck)ÀÌ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ Çѱ¹ Æ®·ÎÆ® ³ë·¡ Áß Çϳª´Â "¾î¶²°¡¿ä, ÇູÀº"ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ³ë·¡´Â °¡»ç°¡ °¨¼ºÀûÀÌ°í »ý°¢ÇÒ °Å¸®¸¦ ÁÖ´Â ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶û°ú Àΰ£°ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. [ÂùÁ¶ À½¾Ç] ¶ÇÇÑ, ÀÌ ³ë·¡´Â °¡¼ö ±èÁ¤È£ÀÇ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®¿Í °¨¼ºÀûÀÎ ¿¬ÁÖ°¡ µ¸º¸ÀÌ´Â °îÀ¸·Î, ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤ÀÌ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â À½¾ÇÀÇ Á¶°Ç Áß ÇϳªÀÎ Áø¼ÖÇÏ°í °¨µ¿ÀûÀÎ ¸é¸ð¸¦ ÃæÁ·½Ãų °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µË´Ï´Ù. ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤(John Steinbeck)ÀÌ °æÇèÇÑ Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â ÀÏÈ(episode)´Â? ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤(John Steinbeck)ÀÌ °æÇèÇÑ Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â ÀÏÈ Áß Çϳª´Â ±×°¡ ¹Ì±¹ ÇرºÀÇ °¡¼³ ½ÇÇè¿ë ¹è¿¡ ž½ÂÇÑ °æÇèÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü¿¡ ÂüÀüÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº ÀÌ ¹è¿¡¼ ¼±¿øÀ¸·Î ÀÏÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¾î´À ³¯, ½ÇÇè µµÁß ¹è°¡ ´ëÆøÆĵǴ »ç°í°¡ ÀϾ½À´Ï´Ù. ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº ºñ»ó Å»Ãâ Â÷·Î ¶Ù¾î¿Ã¶ó Å»ÃâÇÏ·Á ÇßÁö¸¸, ¾î´À ¼ø°£ ±×°¡ ¹ß·Î Â÷ ¿Ã¸²¹ÞÀº Â÷¹®ÀÌ Å¹ ÅÍÁ® ¹ö·È½À´Ï´Ù. ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº ±× ¼ø°£ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼¼°è¿¡¼ °¡Àå ³ôÀº °÷¿¡ ¼ ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ ´À²¼´Ù°í ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±× Èķεµ ÀÌ ÀÏÈ´Â ±×°¡ Àλý¿¡¼ °¡Àå Àç¹ÌÀÖ°í Ȳ´çÇÑ °æÇè Áß Çϳª·Î ³²¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤(John Steinbeck)ÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷Àϱî? ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤(John Steinbeck)Àº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°¿¡´Â »çȸÀû ºÒÆòµî°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼º µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀû ½Ã°¢°ú, °¡³ÇÏ°í ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» ¼ÒÀç·Î ÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀåµµ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÏ°Ô Ç¥¸íÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ÀÇ »çȸÁÖÀÇ¿Í °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æÇèÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°¿¡µµ ¹Ý¿µµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ±×ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛ Áß ÇϳªÀÎ "³óÀå"¿¡¼´Â ¼Ò¿ÜµÈ ³óºÎµéÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð°ú ºÎ´çÇÑ ´ë¿ì¸¦ ºñÆÇÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ ´ã°Ü ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤Àº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÌ°í Á¤ÀÇ°¨ÀÌ ³ôÀº Àι°·Î Æò°¡µÇ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤(John Steinbeck)ÀÇ ¾ç½É(Conscience) µî±Þ(Grade)À» A(¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼ö), B(¿ì¼ö), C(º¸Åë), D(³·À½) ·Î Grading ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤(John Steinbeck)ÀÇ ¾ç½Éµî±Þ(Conscience Grade)Àº? ½ºÅ¸Àκ¤(John Steinbeck)Àº ±×ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°°ú È°µ¿À» ÅëÇØ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÌ°í Á¤ÀÇ°¨ÀÌ ³ôÀº Àι°·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼, ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½É µî±ÞÀº A(¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼ö)·Î Æò°¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â °¡³ÇÏ°í ¾ï¾Ð¹Þ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀαÇÀ» ¿ËÈ£Çϸç, Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼º°ú »çȸÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀû ½Ã°¢À» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, ±×ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀå°ú È°µ¿µµ ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ ¸é¸ð¸¦ µÞ¹ÞħÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ====================================== John Steinbeck [Born] John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. February 27, 1902 Salinas, California, U.S. [Died] December 20, 1968 (aged 66) New York City, U.S. [Occupation] Novelist, short story writer, war correspondent [Notable works] Of Mice and Men (1937) The Grapes of Wrath (1939) East of Eden (1952)[1] [Notable awards] Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1940) Nobel Prize in Literature (1962) [Spouses] Carol Henning (m. 1930; div. 1943) Gwyn Conger (m. 1943; div. 1948) Elaine Scott (m. 1950) [Children] John Steinbeck IV (1946~1991) Thomas Steinbeck (1944~2016) John Ernst Steinbeck, Jr. (February 27, 1902 – December 20, 1968) was an American author of 27 books, including 16 novels, six non- fiction books, and five collections of short stories. He is widely known for the comic novels Tortilla Flat (1935) and Cannery Row (1945), the multi-generation epic East of Eden (1952), and the novellas Of Mice and Men (1937) and The Red Pony (1937). The Pulitzer Prize-winning The Grapes of Wrath (1939) is considered Steinbeck's masterpiece and part of the American literary canon. In the first 75 years after it was published, it sold 14 million copies. The winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature, he has been called "a giant of American letters". His works are widely read abroad and many of his works are considered classics of Western literature. Most of Steinbeck's work is set in southern and central California, particularly in the Salinas Valley and the California Coast Ranges region. His works frequently explored the themes of fate and injustice, especially as applied to downtrodden or everyman protagonists. (from naver.com µÎ»ê¹é°ú wikipedia.org) CA, Change, Corrupt, Classics, influence(+)~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C+
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