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ǽ¸®Ã³-Joseph Pulitzer, Journalist, USA | ||
Á¶ÁöÇÁ ǽ¸®Ã³ [Joseph Pulitzer] [Ãâ»ý] 1847³â 4¿ù 10ÀÏ Çë°¡¸® ¿Õ±¹, ¸¶ÄÚ [¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ-Çë°¡¸® Á¦±¹] [»ç¸Á] 1911³â 10¿ù 29ÀÏ (64¼¼) ¹Ì±¹ »ç¿ì½ºÄ³·Ñ¶óÀ̳ª ÁÖ, Âû½ºÅÏ [¹Ì±¹ Âû½ºÅÏ ¿©Çà] [±¹Àû] ¹Ì±¹ [¹Ì±¹ ¿©Çà] [È°µ¿ºÐ¾ß] ¾ð·Ð [¿ä¾à] Á¶ÁöÇÁ ǽ¸®Ã³(Joseph Pulitzer, 1847³â 4¿ù 10ÀÏ ~ 1911³â 10¿ù 29ÀÏ)´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¾ð·ÐÀÎÀÌÀÚ ½Å¹® °æ¿µÀÚÀÌ´Ù. 'ǽ¸®Ã³»ó'ÀÇ ±â¿øÀÎ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ½Å¹®ÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ¡¶¼¼ÀÎÆ®·çÀ̽º µð½ºÆÐÄ¡¡·Áö¸¦ »çµé¿© ¡¶Æ÷½ºÆ® µð½ºÆÐÄ¡¡··Î °³ÀçÇÏ¿© °æ¿µ¿¡ ¼º°øÇÏ¿´°í ¡¶´º¿å ¿ùµå¡·¸¦ ¸Å¼öÇÏ¿©, ¼¾¼¼À̼ųÎÇÑ ´º½ºÀÇ º¸µµ¿Í Ä·ÆäÀÎ µîÀ¸·Î Àü¹Ì±¹ Á¦ÀÏÀÇ ¹ßÇàºÎ¼ö¸¦ ÀÚ¶ûÇÏ¿´´Ù. »çÈÄ ±×ÀÇ À¯¾ð¿¡ µû¶ó 1917³â ¡®Ç½¸®Ã³»ó¡¯ÀÌ Á¦Á¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. ǽ¸®Ã³ ºÐ¼ö±¤Àå: ¹Ì±¹ ´º¿å½Ã ÇöóÀÚ È£ÅÚ ¾Õ ±¤Àå. 5¹ø°¡¿Í 59¹ø°¡°¡ ¸¸³ª´Â °÷ÀÌ´Ù. Çë°¡¸® Å»ý ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¾ð·ÐÀΠǽ¸®Ã³ÀÇ ±âÁõÀ¸·Î °Ç¸³µÇ¾ú´Ù. Çë°¡¸® Ãâ»ýÀÌ´Ù. [Çë°¡¸® ¿ª»ç ¿ä¾à] 1864³â ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î °Ç³Ê°¡, 1868³â ¼¼ÀÎÆ®·çÀ̽º¿¡¼ µ¶ÀÏ¾î ½Å¹® ¡¶º£½ºÆ²¸®Çì Æ÷½ºÆ®¡·ÀÇ ±âÀÚ·Î È°¾àÇÏ´Ù°¡, 1869³â ¹ÌÁÖ¸® ÁÖÀÇȸ(ñ¶ì¡üå) ÀÇ¿øÀ¸·Î¼ Á¤°è¿¡ ÁøÃâÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾ó¸¶ ÈÄ ÀڱⰡ ¸ö´ã¾Ò´ø ½Å¹®»ç °æ¿µÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1878³â¿¡´Â ÆÄ»ê Á÷ÀüÀÇ ¡¶¼¼ÀÎÆ®·çÀ̽º µð½ºÆÐÄ¡¡·Áö(òµ)¸¦ »çµé¿©, ¡¶¼¼ÀÎÆ®·çÀ̽º Æ÷½ºÆ®¡·¿Í ÇÕº´ÇÏ¿© ¡¶Æ÷½ºÆ® µð½ºÆÐÄ¡¡··Î °³Á¦(ËÇð¹), °æ¿µ¿¡ ¼º°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1883³â¿¡´Â ´Ù½Ã ¡¶´º¿å ¿ùµå¡·¸¦ ¸Å¼öÇÏ¿©, ¼¾¼¼À̼ųÎÇÑ ´º½ºÀÇ º¸µµ¿Í Ä·ÆäÀÎ µîÀ¸·Î Àü¹Ì±¹ Á¦ÀÏÀÇ ¹ßÇàºÎ¼ö¸¦ ÀÚ¶ûÇϱ⿡ À̸£·¶´Ù. 19¼¼±â ¸»ºÎÅÍ 20¼¼±â ÃÊ¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Ç㽺ƮÀÇ ¡¶´º¿å Àú³Î ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä¡·°ú ¸Í·ÄÇÑ °æÀïÀ» Àü°³, ¾çÀÚÀÇ ¼¾¼¼À̼ųθ®ÁòÀº Èļ¼¿¡ ¡®¿»·ÎÀú³Î¸®Áò¡¯À̶ó´Â ¾Ç¸í(äÂÙ£)À» ³²°å´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â 1890³â°æºÎÅÍ °Ç°ÀÌ ¾ÇÈµÇ¾î ¸¶Ä§³» ½Ã·Â(ãÊÕô)À» ÀÒ¾ú°í, 1906³â¿¡´Â ¡®ÀÚÀ¯È£¡¯¶ó´Â ¹è¸¦ Ÿ°í À¯¶ûÀÇ ¿©ÇàÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1903³â 6¿ù Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ ´ëÇп¡ Àú³Î¸®½ºÆ® ±³À°À» À§ÇÑ ±â±ÝÀ¸·Î 2¸¸ 2000´Þ·¯¸¦ ±âÁõÇÏ¿© ½Å¹®Çкθ¦ â¼³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°¡ Á×Àº ÈÄ ±×ÀÇ À¯¾ð¿¡ µû¶ó 1917³â ¡®Ç½¸®Ã³»óÀÌ Á¦Á¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. [»ý¾Ö] Çë°¡¸® ¸ÓÄÚ Ãâ»ýÀ¸·Î Ãâ»ý, ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â Ç®¸®Ã¼¸£ ¿äÁ¦ÇÁ(Çë°¡¸®¾î: Pulitzer Jozsef)·Î ºÒ¸®¾ú´Ù. [Çë°¡¸®] 1864³â ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÏ¿© ³²ºÏ ÀüÀï ¶§ µ·À» ¹ú±â À§Çؼ ºÏ±ºÀÇ ±âº´´ë¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ¿´°í 1867³â ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ±ÍÈÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1868³â ~ 1873³â ¼¼ÀÎÆ®·çÀ̽º¿¡¼ ¡¶¿þ½ºÆ²¸®Ã¼ Æ÷½ºÆ®¡·ÀÇ ±âÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, À̶§ Á¤°è¿¡µµ ÁøÃâÇÏ¿© 1869³â ¹ÌÁÖ¸® ÁÖ ÀÇ¿øÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1878³â ¡¶¼¼ÀÎÆ®·çÀ̽º µð½ºÆÐÄ¡¡·¸¦ »çµé¿© ¡¶À̺ê´× Æ÷½ºÆ®¡·¿Í ÇÕº´ÇÑ µÚ ¡¶Æ÷½ºÆ® µð½ºÆÐÄ¡¡··Î¼ â°£ÇÏ¿´°í À̾î 1883³â °æ¿µÀÌ ºÎÁøÇÑ ¡¶´º¿å ¿ùµå¡·¸¦ »çµé¿© ´º¿åÀ¸·Î ÁøÃâÇÏ¿´´Ù. ´Ù½Ã 1887³âºÎÅÍ´Â ¼®°£ ½Å¹® ¡¶À̺ê´× ¿ùµå¡·¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇÏ¿´°í ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ ¾ð·Ð Àç¹ú Àª¸®¾ö ·£µ¹ÇÁ Ç㽺ƮÀÇ ¡¶Àú³Î ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä¡·°ú °æÀïÇÏ¸ç ¿»·ÎÀú³Î¸®ÁòÀ̶õ ¾Ç¸íÀ» ³²°å´Ù. ±× »çÀÌ 1884³â °Ç°À» ÇØÃÄ ½Ã·Â °¨Åð¿Í ½Å°æ¼è¾àÀ¸·Î ½Ã·ÂÀ» °ÅÀÇ ÀÒ¾ú´Ù. [ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¿©½Å»ó ¹Þħ´ë ¸ð±Ý ¿îµ¿] 1884³â, Á¶ÁöÇÁ ǽ¸®Ã³´Â ¹Ì±¹ ÇÏ¿ø ÀÇ¿ø ¼±°Å¿¡ ¼ ´º¿å ÁÖ ´ëÇ¥ È帷ΠÃ⸶ÇØ ´ç¼±µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×°¡ ÇÏ¿ø ÀÇ¿øÀ¸·Î¼ È°µ¿À» ÆîÄ¥ ¶§ÀÎ 1885³â¿¡ ÇÁ¶û½º°¡ ¹Ì±¹ µ¶¸³ 100ÁÖ³âÀ» ±â³äÇϱâ À§ÇÑ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¿©½Å»óÀ» ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î º¸³»±â·Î ÇßÁö¸¸, ±× ´ç½Ã ¹Ì±¹ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÀçÁ¤ »óÅ°¡ ¹Ù´Ú³ »óÅ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿©½Å»óÀÇ ¹Þħ´ë ºñ¿ëÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇÒ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾ø¾î ³°¨ÇÑ Ã³Áö¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Á¶ÁöÇÁ ǽ¸®Ã³´Â ±×ÀÇ ½Å¹®»ç ´º¿å ¿ùµå¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¸ð±Ý ¿îµ¿À» ÆîÃÄ 10¸¸ ´Þ·¯°¡ ³Ñ´Â ±âºÎ ¼º±ÝÀÌ ¸ð¿©Á³À¸¸ç, 1886³â 10¿ù 29ÀÏ¿¡ ´º¿å Ç×±¸¿¡ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¿©½Å»óÀÌ ¼¼¿öÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. [°áÈ¥°ú °¡Á·] 1878³â 31¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀ̷Πǽ¸®Ã³´Â Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ Ưº°±¸ Á¶ÁöŸ¿î Ãâ½ÅÀÇ »çȸÀû ÁöÀ§°¡ ³ôÀº ¿©¼ºÀΠij¼¸° "ÄÉÀÌÆ®" µ¥À̺ñ½º(1853–1927)¿Í °áÈ¥Çß´Ù. ±×³à´Â Episcopal °¡Á· Ãâ½ÅÀÇ Pulitzerº¸´Ù 5»ì ¾î·È°í Jefferson DavisÀÇ ¸Õ ģôÀ̶ó´Â ¼Ò¹®ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¿ö½ÌÅÏ DC¿¡ÀÖ´Â ÁÖÇöÀý ±³È¸¿¡¼ ÁÖ±³ ÀÇ½Ä ¿¡¼ °áÈ¥Çß´Ù. ±×´Â °áÈ¥ ÈıîÁö ij¼¸°À̳ª ±×³àÀÇ °¡Á·¿¡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À¯´ëÀÎ À¯»êÀ» ¹àÈ÷Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 7¸íÀÇ ÀÚ³à Áß 5¸íÀº ¼ºÀÎÀÌ µÉ ¶§±îÁö »ì¾Ò´Ù. µþÀÎ Katherine Ethel Pulitzer´Â 1884³â 5¿ù 2¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ·Î Æó·ÅÀ¸·Î »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. 1897³â 12¿ù 31ÀÏ¿¡ Å« µþÀÎ Lucille Irma Pulitzer´Â ÀåƼǪ½º·Î 17¼¼ÀÇ ³ªÀÌ·Î »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. PulitzerÀÇ ¼ÕÀÚ Herbert Pulitzer, Jr.´Â ¹Ì±¹ ÆÐ¼Ç µðÀÚÀ̳ÊÀÌÀÚ »ç±³°è ¸í»çÀÎ Lilly Pulitzer¿Í °áÈ¥Çß´Ù. ÀÌÀü °ÅÁÖÁö¿¡¼ ÈÀç°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ ÈÄ Pulitzer´Â Stanford White¿¡°Ô ¾îÆÛ À̽ºÆ® »çÀ̵åÀÇ 11 East 73rd Street¿¡ ¼®È¸¾ÏÀ¸·Î µ¤ÀÎ º£³×Ä¡¾Æ ±ÃÀüÀ» ¼³°èÇϵµ·Ï ÀÇ·ÚÇß´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº 1903³â¿¡ ¿Ï¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. Á¸ ½Ì¾î »çÀüÆ®( John Singer Sargent)°¡ ±×¸° ǽ¸®Ã³ÀÇ »ç·Á ±íÀº ÃÊ»óÈ´Â ±×°¡ ±âÁõÇÑ Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ Àú³Î¸®Áò Çб³¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Á¶ÁöÇÁ ǽ¸®Ã³ 4¼¼(Joseph Pulitzer IV)°¡ °æ¿µ ºÐÀïÀ¸·Î ½Å¹®»ç¿¡¼ ¹°·¯³ 1995³â 4¿ù±îÁö °¡Á·Àº ¿©·¯ ¼¼´ë¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¼¼ÀÎÆ®·çÀ̽º ½Å¹® ¿î¿µ¿¡ °è¼Ó °ü¿©Çß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ µþ (Á¶¼Á J. ǽ¸®Ã³ÀÇ Áõ¼Õ³à) ¿¤Ä«³ª ǽ¸®Ã³´Â ¿ÀÆä¶ó °¨µ¶ÀÌ´Ù. [Á×À½] 1908³â 6°³¿ù µ¿¾È ǽ¸®Ã³´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿äÆ® Liberty¿¡ ½Â¼±ÇÏ¿© ÁÖÄ¡ÀÇ C. Louis LeipoldtÀÇ º¸»ìÇËÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. 1911³â ǽ¸®Ã³´Â Á¶Áö¾Æ ÁÖ Áöų ¼¶¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Áöų ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå Ŭ·´¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Ü¿ï ÁýÀ¸·Î ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â µµÁß¿¡ »ç¿ì½º ij·Ñ¶óÀ̳ª ÁÖ Âû½ºÅÏ ÇϹö¿¡ ¿äÆ®¸¦ Á¤¹ÚÇß´Ù. 1911³â 10¿ù 29ÀÏ, ǽ¸®Ã³´Â µ¶ÀÏ ºñ¼°üÀÌ ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ·çÀÌ 11¼¼¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³¶µ¶ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» µé¾ú´Ù. ºñ¼°¡ ¸»À» ¸¶Ä¡ÀÚ Ç½¸®Ã³´Â µ¶ÀϾî·Î "Leise, ganz leise" ("ºÎµå·´°Ô, ¾ÆÁÖ ºÎµå·´°Ô")¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ°í´Â ¼ûÀ» °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù. (1911³â 10¿ù 29ÀÏ, 64¼¼) [Ã߸ð K-Pop] ±×ÀÇ ½Ã½ÅÀº ´º¿åÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Í¼ ºê·ÕÅ©½ºÀÇ Woodlawn ¹¦Áö¿¡ ¸ÅÀåµÇ¾ú´Ù. [Ã߸ð K-Pop] [ǽ¸®Ã³»ó] 1903³â Ä÷³ºñ¾Æ ´ëÇп¡ ½Å¹®Çаú¸¦ °³¼³ÇÒ ¶§´Â Àú³Î¸®½ºÆ® ±³À°À» À§ÇÑ ±â±ÝÀ¸·Î 2¸¸ 2õ ´Þ·¯¸¦ ±âºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù. »çÈÄ ±×ÀÇ À¯¾ð¿¡ µû¶ó 1917³â ǽ¸®Ã³»óÀÌ Á¦Á¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. 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ÇÏÁö¸¸ ǽ¸®Ã³ÀÇ ¾÷Àû°ú ÇàÀûÀ» Á¾ÇÕÀûÀ¸·Î °í·ÁÇÏ¿© ±×ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÄ¡¸¦ ÃßÁ¤Çغ¸´Â °ÍÀº °¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù. 1. ǽ¸®Ã³ÀÇ ¾÷Àû: ǽ¸®Ã³ »ó ¼³¸³: ¹Ì±¹ ¾ð·ÐÀÇ °¡Àå ¸í¸Á ÀÖ´Â »óÀ¸·Î, ¶Ù¾î³ ¾ð·Ð È°µ¿À» ±â¸®´Â »óÀÔ´Ï´Ù. °ø°øÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇÑ Çå½Å: Ž»çº¸µµ, ºÎÆÐ Æø·Î, »çȸ ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á µîÀ» ÅëÇØ »çȸ °³¼±¿¡ ±â¿©Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ¶Ù¾î³ ¸®´õ½Ê: '¼¼ÀÎÆ®·çÀ̽º Æ÷½ºÆ® µð½ºÆÐÄ¡'¿Í '´º¿å ¿ùµå' µî ¿©·¯ ½Å¹®»ç¸¦ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î À̲ø¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. 2. ǽ¸®Ã³ÀÇ ÇàÀû: ºó¹Î°¡ Ãâ½ÅÀÇ ¾î·Á¿òÀ» ±Øº¹ÇÏ°í ¼º°øÀ» °ÅµÐ Àι°ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ŸÀÎÀ» µ½°í »çȸ¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ´Â µ¥ Çå½ÅÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ³ôÀº À±¸® ÀǽÄÀ» °¡Áö°í ¾ð·Ð È°µ¿À» Çß½À´Ï´Ù. 3. ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ¿Í ǽ¸®Ã³: ȣŲ½ºÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ¿¡ µû¸£¸é, 500 ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÄ¡´Â '»ç¶û'ÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ¼ÓÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ǽ¸®Ã³ÀÇ ¾÷Àû°ú ÇàÀûÀº ŸÀÎÀ» µ½°í »çȸ¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ·Á´Â '»ç¶û'ÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÝ´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ǽ¸®Ã³ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÄ¡´Â 500 ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 4. ÁÖÀÇ »çÇ×: ¾Õ¼ ¾ð±ÞÇßµíÀÌ, ǽ¸®Ã³ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÄ¡´Â ÃßÁ¤Ä¡À̸ç Á¤È®ÇÑ °ªÀÌ ¾Æ´Õ´Ï´Ù. ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÄ¡´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿äÀο¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ½Ã°£¿¡ µû¶ó º¯µ¿µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ǽ¸®Ã³ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÄ¡¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î ´Ù¾çÇÑ °üÁ¡°ú Çؼ®ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. °á·Ð: µ¥À̺ñµå ȣŲ½ºÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ¿¡¼ ¾ð·ÐÀÎ Á¶ÁöÇÁ ǽ¸®Ã³ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÄ¡´Â Á¤È®È÷ ¾Ë ¼ö ¾øÁö¸¸, ±×ÀÇ ¾÷Àû°ú ÇàÀûÀ» Á¾ÇÕÀûÀ¸·Î °í·ÁÇÒ ¶§ 500 ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. [ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ] ============================================ Joseph Pulitzer [Born] Jozsef Pulitzer April 10, 1847 Mako, Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian Empire [Died] October 29, 1911 (aged 64) Charleston, South Carolina, United States [Political party] Democratic [Spouse(s)] Katherine "Kate" Davis (1878–1911; his death; 7 children) [Occupation] Publisher, philanthropist, journalist, lawyer [Religion] Judaism [Net worth] USD $30 million at the time of his death (approximately 1/1142nd of US GNP) Joseph Pulitzer (April 10, 1847 ~ October 29, 1911) was an American newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post Dispatch and the New York World. Pulitzer introduced the techniques of yellow journalism to the newspapers he acquired in the 1880s. He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected congressman from New York. He crusaded against big business and corruption, and helped keep the Statue of Liberty in New York. In the 1890s the fierce competition between his World and William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal caused both to use yellow journalism for wider appeal; it opened the way to mass-circulation newspapers that depended on advertising revenue and appealed to readers with multiple forms of news, entertainment and advertising. Today, he is best known for the Pulitzer Prizes, which were established in 1917 by money he bequeathed to Columbia University to recognize artistic and journalistic achievements. The prizes are given annually to award achievements in journalism and photography, as well as literature and history, poetry, music and drama. Pulitzer founded the Columbia School of Journalism by his philanthropic bequest; it opened in 1912. (³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú µÎ»ê¹é°ú naver.com wikipedia.org) [Map of Consciousness] Congressman, Columbia, Carolina, influence(+)~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C+(MoC: Map of Consciousness) ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ MoC(ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØ): 500+
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