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¹èÄ¿½º-John Backus, Computer Scientist, USA
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IBM ¿¬±¸¼Ò ¼±ÀÓ¿¬±¸¿ø 1954 ~ 1959

IBM ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö¿¬±¸ÆÀ ¸Å´ÏÀú 1950 ~ 1954

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Æ©¸µ»ó (1977)

Çì·²µå Ææ´õ »ó (1983)

Âû½º ½ºÅ¸Å© µå·¡ÀÌÆÛ »ó (1993)

ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¿ª»ç¹Ú¹°°ü Æç·Î¿ì (1997)

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1924³â 12¿ù 3ÀÏ ~ 2007³â 3¿ù 17ÀÏ)´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ
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Backus´Â Çʶóµ¨ÇǾƿ¡¼­ ž
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John Backus´Â 1991³â¿¡ ÀºÅðÇß´Ù.

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FORTRAN °³¹ß Ãʱ⿡ ÀϾ ÀÏÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

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A(¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼ö), B(¿ì¼ö), C(º¸Åë), D(³·À½) ·Î Grading ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
Á¸ ¹èÄ¿½º(John Warner Backus)ÀÇ ¾ç½Éµî±Þ(Conscience Grade)Àº?


Á¸ ¹èÄ¿½º´Â Àΰø ¾ð¾îÀÎ FORTRAN ¾ð¾î¸¦ °³¹ßÇϸ鼭
ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ Å« ¾÷ÀûÀ» ³²±ä ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °úÇÐÀÚÀ̸ç,
µ¿·áµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀ¸·Î Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ Á¸ ¹èÄ¿½ºÀÇ ¾ç½Éµî±ÞÀº A(¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼ö)ÀÏ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÃøµË´Ï´Ù.


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(from https://gemini.google.com)
Á¤½Å°ú ÀÇ»ç µ¥À̺ñµå ȣŲ½ºÀÇ
'ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ Map of Consciousness' ¿¡¼­
1¿¡¼­ 1000±îÁö ¼öÄ¡·Î Æò°¡ÇßÀ»¶§,
Á¸ ¹èÄ¿½º(John Backus, Computer Scientist, USA)ÀÇ
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Á¸ ¹èÄ¿½ºÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ ¼öÄ¡:
µ¥À̺ñµå ȣŲ½ºÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ ¸ðµ¨¿¡¼­
Á¸ ¹èÄ¿½ºÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ ¼öÄ¡¸¦ ã´Â °ÍÀº ¾î·Æ½À´Ï´Ù.

±×ÀÇ ¾÷Àû°ú öÇÐÀû »ç»óÀ» Á¾ÇÕÀûÀ¸·Î °í·ÁÇÏ¿©
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1. ȣŲ½ºÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ ¸ðµ¨ ±âÁØ:
°³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØÀ» 1¿¡¼­ 1000±îÁö ¼öÄ¡·Î Æò°¡ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

°¢ ¼öÁØÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÀÇ½Ä Æ¯¼º°ú Çൿ ÆÐÅÏÀ» ³ªÅ¸³À´Ï´Ù.

¸ðµ¨Àº ¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î ƯÁ¤ Àι°ÀÇ ¼öÄ¡¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.

2. Á¸ ¹èÄ¿½ºÀÇ ¾÷Àû°ú öÇÐÀû »ç»ó:
FORTRAN ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö ¾ð¾î °³¹ß:
ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹ÖÀÇ ±Ù°£À» ¸¶·ÃÇß½À´Ï´Ù.

±¸Á¶È­ ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö °³³ä:
³í¸®ÀûÀÌ°í È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö ¹æ½ÄÀ» Á¦½ÃÇß½À´Ï´Ù.

Æ©¸µ»ó ¼ö»ó:
ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ °úÇÐ ºÐ¾ß ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿µ¿¹¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.

°â¼ÕÇÏ°í »ç·Á ±íÀº ¼º°Ý:
µ¿·áµé·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¸°æ¹Þ´Â Àι°À̾ú½À´Ï´Ù.

3. ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ ¼öÄ¡ Ãß·Ð:
¼öÁØ 500: À̼º:
¶Ù¾î³­ ³í¸®Àû »ç°í·Â°ú ¹®Á¦ ÇØ°á ´É·ÂÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.

¼öÁØ 600: ¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ »ç¶û:
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µ¿·áµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹è·Á¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.

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ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ¿¬°áÀ» ±ú´Þ¾ÒÀ» °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

4. °á·Ð:
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John Backus

[Born]
December 3, 1924
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

[Died]
March 17, 2007 (aged 82)
Ashland, Oregon

[Fields]
Computer science

[Institutions]
IBM
Alma mater
Columbia University (M.S., 1950)

[Known for]
Speedcoding
FORTRAN
ALGOL
Backus-Naur form
Function-level programming

[Notable]
National Medal of Science (1975)

[awards]
ACM Turing Award (1977)
Harold Pender Award (1983)
Charles Stark Draper Prize (1993)
Computer History Museum Fellow (1997)



John Warner Backus (December 3, 1924 –
March 17, 2007) was an American computer
scientist. He directed the team that
invented the first widely used high-level
programming language (FORTRAN) and was the
inventor of the Backus-Naur form (BNF), a
widely used notation to define formal
language syntax. He also did research in
function-level programming and helped to
popularize it.

The IEEE awarded Backus the W. W. McDowell
Award in 1967 for the development of FORTRAN.
He received the National Medal of
Science in 1975, and the 1977 ACM Turing
Award ¡°for profound, influential, and
lasting contributions to the design of
practical high-level programming systems,
notably through his work on FORTRAN, and for
publication of formal procedures for the
specification of programming languages."

[Life and career]
Backus was born in Philadelphia and grew up
in nearby Wilmington, Delaware. He
studied at The Hill School in Pottstown,
Pennsylvania, and was apparently not a
diligent student. After entering the
University of Virginia to study chemistry,
he quit and was conscripted into the U.S.
Army. He began medical training at
Haverford College and, during an
internship at a hospital, he was diagnosed
with a cranial bone tumor, which was
successfully removed; a plate was installed
in his head, and he ended medical training
after nine months and a subsequent operation
to replace the plate with one of his own design.

After moving to New York City he trained
initially as a radio technician and became
interested in mathematics. He graduated from
Columbia University with a master's degree
in mathematics in 1949, and joined IBM in
1950. During his first three years, he
worked on the Selective Sequence Electronic
Calculator (SSEC); his first major project
was to write a program to calculate
positions of the Moon. In 1953 Backus
developed the language Speedcoding, the
first high-level language created for an IBM
computer, to aid in software development for
the IBM 701 computer.

Programming was very difficult at this time,
and in 1954 Backus assembled a team to
define and develop Fortran for the IBM 704
computer. Fortran was the first high-level
programming language to be put to broad use.
Backus made another, critical contribution
to early computer science: during the latter
part of the 1950s Backus served on the
international committees that developed
ALGOL 58 and the very influential ALGOL 60,
which quickly became the de facto worldwide
standard for publishing algorithms. Backus
developed the Backus-Naur Form (BNF), in the
UNESCO report on ALGOL 58. It was a formal
notation able to describe any context-free
programming language, and was important in
the development of compilers. This
contribution helped Backus win the Turing Award.



The Backus Normal Form was discovered
independently by John Backus;
Panini, a grammarian from India
who lived sometime between the 4th and 7th
century BCE, presented a notation which is
equivalent in its power to that of Backus
and has many similar properties.
Backus later worked on a "function-level"
programming language known as FP which was
described in his Turing Award lecture "Can
Programming be Liberated from the von
Neumann Style?". Sometimes viewed as
Backus's apology for creating FORTRAN, this
paper did less to garner interest in the FP
language than to spark research into
functional programming in general.



An FP interpreter was distributed with the 4.2BSD
Unix operating system. FP was strongly
inspired by Kenneth E. Iverson¡¯s APL, even
using a non-standard character set. Backus
spent the latter part of his career
developing FL (from "Function Level"), a
successor to FP. FL was an internal IBM
research project, and development of the
language essentially stopped when the
project was finished (only a few papers
documenting it remain), but many of the
language's innovative, arguably important
ideas have now been implemented in versions
of the J programming language.
Backus was named an IBM Fellow in 1963,and
was awarded a degree honoris causa from the
Henri Poincaré University in Nancy
(France) in 1989 and a Draper Prize in 1993.
He retired in 1991 and died at his home in
Ashland, Oregon on March 17, 2007.


[Map of Consciousness]

(from naver.com wikipedia.org)


Computer scientist,Columbia university,Calculator, Influence(+) ~
(PIG: time-variant)

Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C+


(MoC: Map of Consciousness) ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ

MoC(ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØ): 500~600


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