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È£ÆÛ-Grace Murray Hopper,Á¦µ¶/°úÇÐÀÚ,USA
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Grace Brewster Murray Hopper
Commodore Grace M. Hopper, USN



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========================================

Grace Murray Hopper

Grace Brewster Murray Hopper
(December 9, 1906 ~ January 1, 1992),
was an American computer scientist
and United States Navy Rear Admiral.

She was one of the first programmers of
the Harvard Mark I computer in 1944,
invented the first compiler for
a computer programming language,
and was one of those who popularized the
idea of machine-independent programming
languages which led to the development of
COBOL, one of the first high-level
programming languages.

Çѱ¹.net

Owing to her accomplishments and her naval
rank, she is sometimes referred to
as "Amazing Grace". The U.S. Navy
Arleigh Burke class guided-missile destroyer
USS Hopper (DDG-70) is named for her, as is
the Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC.



[Early life and education]
Hopper was born in New York City. She was
the oldest in a family of three children.
Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary
Campbell Van Horne, were of Dutch and
Scottish descent, and attended West End
Collegiate Church.

Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell,
an admiral in the US Navy, fought in the Battle
of Mobile Bay during the Civil War.

Grace was very curious as a child, a
lifelong trait: at the age of seven she
decided to determine how an alarm clock
worked, and dismantled seven alarm clocks
before her mother realized what she was
doing (she was then limited to one clock).

For her preparatory school education,
she attended the Hartridge School in
Plainfield, New Jersey. Rejected for early
admission to Vassar College at age 16 (her
test scores in Latin were too low), she was
admitted the following year.

She graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar in 1928
with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics
and earned her master's degree at Yale
University in 1930.



In 1934, she earned a Ph.D. in mathematics
from Yale under the direction of
Oystein Ore. Her dissertation, New
Types of Irreducibility Criteria, was
published that same year. Hopper began
teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and
was promoted to associate professor in 1941.

She was married to New York University
professor Vincent Foster Hopper
(1906–76) from 1930 until their
divorce in 1945. She did not marry
again, but she kept his surname.

Çѱ¹.net

[Career]
[World War II]
In 1943, during World War II, Hopper
obtained a leave of absence from Vassar and
was sworn into the United States Navy
Reserve, one of many women to volunteer to
serve in the WAVES. She had to get an
exemption to enlist; she was 15 pounds (6.8
kg) below the Navy minimum weight of 120 pounds (54 kg).

She reported in December and
trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's
School at Smith College in Northampton,
Massachusetts. Hopper graduated first in her
class in 1944, and was assigned to the
Bureau of Ships Computation Project at
Harvard University as a lieutenant, junior grade.

She served on the Mark I computer
programming staff headed by Howard H. Aiken.
Hopper and Aiken coauthored three papers on
the Mark I, also known as the Automatic
Sequence Controlled Calculator. Hopper's
request to transfer to the regular Navy at
the end of the war was declined due to her age (38).

She continued to serve in the Navy
Reserve. Hopper remained at the Harvard
Computation Lab until 1949, turning down a
full professorship at Vassar in favor of
working as a research fellow under a Navy
contract at Harvard.

[UNIVAC]
In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the
Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation as
a senior mathematician and joined the team
developing the UNIVAC I.

In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the
Remington Rand corporation, and it was while
she was working for them that her original
compiler work was done. The compiler was
known as the A compiler and its first
version was A-0.

In 1952 she had an operational
compiler. "Nobody believed that," she
said. "I had a running compiler and nobody
would touch it. They told me computers could
only do arithmetic."

In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first
director of automatic programming, and her
department released some of the first
compiler-based programming languages,
including MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATIC.

Çѱ¹.net

[COBOL]
In the spring of 1959, a two-day conference
known as the Conference on Data Systems
Languages (CODASYL) brought together
computer experts from industry and
government. Hopper served as a technical
consultant to the committee, and many of her
former employees served on the short-term
committee that defined the new language
COBOL (an acronym for COmmon Business-Oriented Language).

The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with
some ideas from the IBM equivalent, COMTRAN.
Hopper's belief that programs should be
written in a language that was close to
English (rather than in machine code or in
languages close to machine code, such as
assembly languages) was captured in the new
business language, and COBOL went on to be
the most ubiquitous business language to date.

From 1967 to 1977, Hopper served as the
director of the Navy Programming Languages
Group in the Navy's Office of Information
Systems Planning and was promoted to the
rank of Captain in 1973. She developed
validation software for COBOL and its
compiler as part of a COBOL standardization
program for the entire Navy.

[Standards]
In the 1970s, Hopper advocated for the
Defense Department to replace large,
centralized systems with networks of small,
distributed computers. Any user on any
computer node could access common databases
located on the network.

She developed the implementation of standards
for testing computer systems and components,
most significantly for early programming
languages such as FORTRAN and COBOL. The
Navy tests for conformance to these
standards led to significant convergence
among the programming language dialects of
the major computer vendors.

In the 1980s, these tests (and their official
administration) were assumed by the National
Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as
the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST).

[Retirement]
Hopper being promoted to the rank of
commodore in 1983
Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve at age
60, in accordance with Navy attrition
regulations, with the rank of Commander at
the end of 1966.

She was recalled to active duty in August 1967
for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite
assignment. She again retired in 1971, but
was asked to return to active duty again in
1972. She was promoted to Captain in 1973 by
Admiral Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.

After Republican Representative Philip Crane
saw her on a March 1983 segment of 60
Minutes, he championed H.J.Res. 341, a joint
resolution originating in the House of
Representatives, which led to her promotion
to Commodore (Admiral, O-7) by special
Presidential appointment.

[March 6, 1983: Grace Hopper]


She remained on active duty for several
years beyond mandatory retirement by special
approval of Congress. In 1985, the rank
of Commodore was renamed Rear Admiral (Lower
Half). She retired (involuntarily) from the
Navy on August 14, 1986.

At a celebration held in Boston on the USS Constitution
to celebrate her retirement, Hopper was awarded
the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, the
highest non-combat decoration awarded by the
Department of Defense.

At the time of her retirement,
she was the oldest active-duty
commissioned officer in the United States
Navy (79 years, eight months and five days),
and aboard the oldest commissioned ship in
the United States Navy (188 years, nine
months and 23 days).

(Admirals William D. Leahy, Chester W. Nimitz, Hyman G.
Rickover and Charles Stewart were the only
other officers in the Navy's history to
serve on active duty at a higher age. Leahy
and Nimitz served on active duty for life
due to their promotions to the rank of Fleet Admiral.)

She was then hired as a senior consultant to
Digital Equipment Corporation, a position
she retained until her death in 1992, aged 85.

Her primary activity in this capacity was as
a goodwill ambassador, lecturing widely on
the early days of computers, her career, and
on efforts that computer vendors could take
to make life easier for their users.

She visited a large fraction of Digital's
engineering facilities, where she generally
received a standing ovation at the
conclusion of her remarks.

Many people such as Admirals and Generals would ask her why
satellite communication would take so long.
So during many of her lectures, she
illustrated a nanosecond using salvaged
obsolete Bell System 25 pair telephone
cable, cut it to 11.8 inch (30 cm) lengths,
the distance that light travels in one
nanosecond, and handed out the individual
wires to her listeners.

Although no longer a serving officer,
she always wore her Navy full dress uniform
to these lectures, which is allowed
by US Navy uniform regulations.

The most important thing I've accomplished,
other than building the compiler, is
training young people. They come to me, you
know, and say, 'Do you think we can do
this?' I say, "Try it." And I back 'em up.
They need that. I keep track of them as they
get older and I stir 'em up at intervals so
they don't forget to take chances.

She was interred with full military honors
in Arlington National Cemetery.

(from naver.com wikipedia.org ³ª¹«À§Å° µî)


Computer scientist,COBOL,Computation,Compiler,influence(+)~
(PIG: time-variant)

Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C+


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