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½ºÅ縸-Richard Stallman, Programmer, USA
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wopen.com

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1985.10 ÀÚÀ¯¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾îÀç´Ü ¼³¸³

1971 ~ 1984
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~ 2001 ±Û·¡½º°í´ëÇб³ ¸í¿¹¹Ú»ç

~ 1996 ½º¿þµ§¿Õ¸³±â¼ú¿ø ¸í¿¹¹Ú»ç

MIT ´ëÇпø 1974 ~ 1975

MIT ¹°¸®ÇÐ 1970 ~ 1974

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ÇöÀç ³Î¸® ¾²ÀÌ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÏ¹Ý °øÁß »ç¿ë Çã°¡¼­(GPL)
¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î ¶óÀ̼±½ºÀÇ °³³äÀ» µµÀÔÇß´Ù.

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GDB µð¹ö°Å µî ¸¹Àº ÇÁ·Î±×·¥À» ¸¸µé¾úÀ¸¸ç,
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GNU/¸®´ª½º ¿î¿µ üÁ¦°¡ ź»ýÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

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ÀÌ ÀÏÀº ½ºÅç¸ÕÀÌ MIT(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)¿¡¼­
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(from https://gemini.google.com)
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'ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ Map of Consciousness' ¿¡¼­
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¸®Â÷µå ½ºÅ縸(Richard Stallman, Programmer, USA)ÀÇ
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[ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ]

=========================================

Richard Stallman

Richard Matthew Stallman (born March 16,
1953), often known by his initials, rms, is
a software freedom activist and computer
programmer. He campaigns for software to be
distributed in a manner such that its users
receive the freedoms to use, study,
distribute and modify that software.

Software that ensures these freedoms is
termed free software. Stallman launched the
GNU Project, founded the Free Software
Foundation, developed the GNU Compiler
Collection and GNU Emacs, and wrote the GNU
General Public License.

Stallman launched the GNU Project in
September 1983 to create a Unix-like
computer operating system composed entirely
of free software.

With this, he also launched the free
software movement. He has been the GNU
project's lead architect and organizer, and
developed a number of pieces of widely used
GNU software including, among others, the
GNU Compiler Collection, the GNU Debugger
and the GNU Emacs text editor. In October
1985 he founded the Free Software Foundation.

Stallman pioneered the concept of copyleft,
which uses the principles of copyright law
to preserve the right to use, modify and
distribute free software, and is the main
author of free software licenses which
describe those terms, most notably the GNU
General Public License (GPL), the most
widely used free software license.

In 1989 he co-founded the League for
Programming Freedom. Since the mid-1990s,
Stallman has spent most of his time
advocating for free software, as well as
campaigning against software patents,
digital rights management, and other legal
and technical systems which he sees as
taking away users' freedoms, including
software license agreements, non-disclosure
agreements, activation keys, dongles, copy
restriction, proprietary formats and binary
executables without source code.

As of 2014, he has received fifteen honorary
doctorates and professorships (see Honors
and awards).

[Early life]
Stallman was born to Alice Lippman, a school
teacher, and Daniel Stallman, a printing
press broker, in 1953 in New York City. He
was interested in computers at a young age;
when Stallman was a pre-teen at a summer
camp, he read manuals for the IBM 7094.

From 1967 to 1969, Stallman attended a Columbia
University Saturday program for high school
students. Stallman was also a volunteer
laboratory assistant in the biology
department at Rockefeller University.
Although he was interested in mathematics
and physics, his teaching professor at
Rockefeller thought he showed promise as a
biologist.

His first experience with actual computers
was at the IBM New York Scientific Center
when he was in high school. He was hired for
the summer in 1970, following his senior
year of high school, to write a numerical
analysis program in Fortran.

He completed the task after a couple of weeks
("I swore that I would never use FORTRAN again because
I despised it as a language compared with
other languages") and spent the rest of the
summer writing a text editor in APL and a
preprocessor for the PL/I programming
language on the IBM System/360.

Harvard University and MIT

As a first-year student at Harvard
University in fall 1970, Stallman was known
for his strong performance in Math 55. He
was happy: "For the first time in my life, I
felt I had found a home at Harvard."

In 1971, near the end of his first year at
Harvard, he became a programmer at the MIT
Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, and
became a regular in the hacker community,
where he was usually known by his initials,
RMS (which was the name of his computer
accounts). Stallman graduated from Harvard
magna cum laude earning a bachelor's degree
in Physics in 1974.

Stallman considered staying on at Harvard,
but instead he decided to enroll as a
graduate student at MIT. He ended his
pursuit of a doctorate in physics after one
year, in order to focus on his programming
at the MIT AI Laboratory.

While working (starting in 1975) as a
research assistant at MIT under Gerry
Sussman, Stallman published a paper (with
Sussman) in 1977 on an AI truth maintenance
system, called dependency-directed
backtracking. This paper was an early work
on the problem of intelligent backtracking
in constraint satisfaction problems.

As of 2009, the technique Stallman and Sussman
introduced is still the most general and
powerful form of intelligent backtracking.
The technique of constraint recording,
wherein partial results of a search are
recorded for later reuse, was also
introduced in this paper.

As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman
worked on software projects such as TECO,
Emacs for ITS, and the Lisp machine
operating system (the CONS of
1974–1976 and the CADR of
1977–1979—this latter unit was
commercialized by Symbolics and LMI starting
around 1980). He would become an ardent
critic of restricted computer access in the
lab, which at that time was funded primarily
by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

When MIT's Laboratory for Computer
Science (LCS) installed a password control
system in 1977, Stallman found a way to
decrypt the passwords and sent users
messages containing their decoded password,
with a suggestion to change it to the empty
string (that is, no password) instead, to re-
enable anonymous access to the systems.

Around 20% of the users followed his advice
at the time, although passwords ultimately
prevailed. Stallman boasted of the success
of his campaign for many years afterward.


[Map of Consciousness]

(from naver.com wikipedia.org)


Computer, Convenience, influence(+) ~
(PIG: time-variant)

Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C+


(MoC: Map of Consciousness) ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ

MoC(ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØ): 400~600


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