Name | ÄÆ® Immanuel Kant |
Edit | 2019-02-12 ¿ÀÀü 9:21:50 |
PIG | B+ |
Home | http://bit.ly/1PvlYRQ |
SNS1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant |
SNS2 | http://bit.ly/1Ukd4e8 |
SNS3 | http://bit.ly/1ZKGJyt |
related | < HOME > < EDIT> Click: 9801 |
Tweet | |
Register your Global social NAME | |
ÄÆ®-Immanuel Kant,öÇÐÀÚ,Prussian-Germany | |
ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ ÄÆ® Immanuel Kant Áö³1000³â°£ Àι°100¸íÁß 59À§ ¼±Á¤ [Ãâ»ý] 1724³â 4¿ù 22ÀÏ ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ ¿Õ±¹ Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å© [»ç¸Á] 1804³â 2¿ù 12ÀÏ (79¼¼) ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ ¿Õ±¹ Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å© [½Ã´ë] 18¼¼±â öÇÐ [Áö¿ª] ¼¾ç öÇÐ [ÇÐÆÄ] ÄÆ®ÁÖÀÇ, °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ [¿¬±¸ ºÐ¾ß] ÀνķÐ, ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ, À±¸®ÇÐ, ³í¸®ÇÐ [ÁÖ¿ä ¾÷Àû] Á¤¾ð ¸í·É, ¼±ÇèÀû °ü³ä·Ð, Á¾ÇÕ ¸íÁ¦, º»Ã¼(¹°ÀÚü), »çÆä·¹ ¾Æ¿ìµ¥(Sapere aude:³× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Áö¼º À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¿ë±â¸¦ °¡Á®¶ó), ¼º¿î¼³ [¿ä¾à] °¡Àå À§´ëÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ·Î ¼Õ²ÅÈ÷´Â µ¶ÀÏ Ãâ½Å ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ¼¾ç ±Ù¼¼ öÇÐÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ» Áý´ë¼ºÇÏ°í ºñÆÇ öÇÐÀ» ź»ý½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç, µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä öÇÐÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ ¼¼¿ü´Ù. ÇÁ¸®µå¸® È÷ ´ë¿ÕÀÇ °è¸ùÀûÀÎ Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ÇýÅÃÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀº µ¶ÀÏÀû Ư¼ö¼ºÀ» ¶Ù¾î³Ñ´Â ¼¼°è ½Ã ¹ÎÀûÀΠöÇÐÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ´ç½Ã Çõ½ÅÀû »ç»óÀ̾ú´ø ´ºÅÏ¿ªÇп¡ ƯÈ÷ °ü½ÉÀ» µÎ¾î 1755³â <õ°è(ô¸Í£)ÀÇ ÀϹÝÀÚ¿¬»ç¿Í ÀÌ·Ð> À» Àú¼úÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¿©±â¿¡¼ ±×´Â ´ºÅÏ¿ªÇÐ ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ È®´ë Àû¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿ìÁÖÀÇ Åº»ýÀ» ±Ô ¸íÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÈÄ¿¡ 'ÄÆ®-¶óÇÃ¶ó ½ºÀÇ ¼º¿î¼³(àøê£àã)'·Î ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÌ ºÐ ¾ßÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ·ç¼Ò´Â ÄÆ® ·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸¾ö¼º¿¡ ´«À» ¶ß°Ô ÇÏ¿´ ´Âµ¥, ±× ¿µÇâÀ¸·Î ÄÆ®´Â ·ç¼Ò¿Í ´ºÅÏÀÇ »ç»óÀ» ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÑ ºñÆÇ öÇÐÀ» ź»ý½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â 1781³â¿¡ Ãâ°£ÇÑ ºñÆÇ öÇÐÀÇ Ã¹ ¹ø ° Àú¼ <¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ>¿¡¼ ½Å(ãê)Áß½ÉÀû ÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» ¶ì´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ ¸ðµç °³³äÀÌ Àΰ£ Áß½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÏ¸é¼ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¼º¸³ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹àÇû´Ù. ±×ÀÇ µÎ ¹øÂ° ºñÆÇ¼ ÀÎ 1788³âÀÇ <½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ>¿¡¼´Â Á» ´õ ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿© Á¾±³¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁ¿¡ µÐ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ²Àû µµ´öÀ» ³íÇÏ¿´°í, ¼¼ ¹øÂ° ºñÆÇ¼ÀÎ 1790³â ÀÇ <ÆÇ´Ü·ÂºñÆÇ>¿¡¼´Â ¸ñÀû·ÐÀû ÀνÄÀÇ ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¹àÈ÷°í »õ·Î¿î Àΰ£ÇÐÀû öÇÐÀ» ¸¶¹«¸® Áþ°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÄÆ®ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ Àº Èʳ¯ µîÀåÇÑ µ¶ÀÏ ½Å(ãæ)ÄÆ®ÇÐÆÄ ¿Ü¿¡ µµ ¼ö¸¹Àº öÇÐÀû Á¶·ù¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. -------------------------------------- À̸¶´©¿¤ ÄÆ® (Immanuel Kant, 1724³â 4¿ù 22ÀÏ ~ 1804³â 2¿ù 12ÀÏ)´Â ±Ù´ë°è¸ùÁÖÀǸ¦ Á¤Á¡¿¡ ¿Ã·Á³õ¾Ò°í µ¶ÀÏ °ü³äöÇÐÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ ³õÀº ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â 21¼¼±âÀÇ Ã¶Çп¡ ±îÁö ¿µÇâÀ» ÁØ »õ ·Ó°íµµ Æø ³ÐÀº öÇÐÀû °üÁ¡À» âÁ¶Çß´Ù. ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀνķÐÀ» ´Ù·é Áß¿äÇÑ Àú¼¸¦ Ãâ°£Çß°í, Á¾±³¿Í ¹ý, ¿ª»ç¿¡ °üÇØ¼µµ Áß¿äÇÑ Ã¥À» ½è´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Å¹¿ùÇÑ Àú¼ Áß ÇÏ ³ªÀÎ ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼º ºñÆÇ¡·Àº À̼º ±× ÀÚü°¡ Áö´Ñ ±¸Á¶¿Í ÇѰ踦 ¿¬±¸ÇÑ Ã¥ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Ã¥¿¡¼ ÄÆ®´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÇüÀÌ»óÇаú ÀνķÐÀ» °ø°ÝÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÄÆ® ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±× ºÐ¾ß¿¡ °øÇåÇÑ Á¡À» ºÎ°¢½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°¡ ¸¸³â¿¡ Ãâ°£ÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖ¿ä Àú¼¿¡´Â À±¸®ÇÐÀ» ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù·é¡¶½ÇõÀ̼º ºñ ÆÇ¡·°ú ¹ÌÇÐ, ¸ñÀû·Ð µîÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÑ ¡¶ÆÇ´Ü·Â ºñÆÇ¡·ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â Á¾·¡ÀÇ °æÇè·Ð ¹× µ¶´Ü·ÐÀ» ±Øº¹Çϵµ ·Ï ºñÆÇöÇÐ(Ýë÷÷ôÉùÊ)À» ¼ö¸³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÎ½Ä (ìããÛ) ¹× ½Çõ(ãùôÂ)ÀÇ °´°üÀû ±âÁØÀ» ¼± ÇèÀû(à»úÐîÜ) Çü½Ä¿¡¼ ã°í, »çÀ¯(ÞÖêî) °¡ Á¸Àç(ðíî¤)¸¦, ¹æ¹ý(Û°Ûö)ÀÌ ´ë»ó(ÓßßÚ) À» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. µµ´öÀÇ ±Ù°Å¸¦ Àΰú À²ÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¼±ÇèÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ¼ ã°í, ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÚÀ²ÀûÀ̰í ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î µµ´ö Àû ÀΰÝÀÇ ÀÚ±â ÀÔ¹ýÀ» µµ´ö·ü·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â µµ´öÀû ÀΰÝÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î Çϸ鼵µ ÀÚÀÇ Àû(í°ëòîÜ)ÀÎ 'ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇ¿å°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ ÀÇ ÀÇ¿åÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ º¸Æí¿øÄ¢¿¡ µû¶ó ÇÕÄ¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ Á¶°Ç'À» ¹ýÀ̶ó »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÄÆ®¿¡°Ô ³»Àû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ½ÇÇö ¼ö´ÜÀÎ ¹ýÀº ¿Ü Àû ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÏ´Â °Á¦¸¦ º»Áú·Î ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ µµ´ö°ú ¾ö°ÝÈ÷ ±¸º°µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ °è¾à¼³ÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ» ÃëÇߴµ¥, ±×´Â ±¹°¡°è¾à À» ¿ª»çÀû »ç½Ç°°ÀÌ Ãë±ÞÇÑ °è¸ù±âÀÇ »ç»ó À» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄѼ À̰ÍÀ» ±¹¹ÎÁÖ±ÇÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀÌ ·ÐÀû ¿äûÀ¸·Î ÆÄ¾ÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÄÆ®´Â ±¹°¡ °£ÀÇ ÀüÀïÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â, ¿µ±¸(çµÎù) Æòȸ¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ½ÇÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» Áö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Ã¥À» ½è´Ù. ±×´Â ÀüÀïÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ »ý±ä ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³ µÚ¿¡ Á¶Á¤ÇÏ¿© ÇØ¼ÒÇÏ´Â Á¦µµ°¡ ÇÊ¿ä ÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß°í, ±× Á¦µµÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ±¹Á¦¹ý ÀÇ °³³ä¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ ±¹Á¦ ¿¬¸ÍÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù. [»ý¾Ö] 1724³â ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ÀÇ »ó¾÷µµ½Ã Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£ Å©(ÇöÀç ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Ä®¸®´Ñ±×¶óµå)¿¡¼ ¼ö°ø ¾÷ÀÚÀÎ ¾Æ¹öÁö ¿äÇÑ °Ô¿À¸£Å© ÄÆ®(Johann Georg Kant)¿Í ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¾È³ª ·¹±â³ª(Anna Regina) »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ž´Ù. ±×´Â 11¸íÀÇ ÀÚ³à Áß ³Ý°·Î ž´Ù(11¸íÀÇ ÀÚ³à Áß ¾î¸¥ µÉ ¶§±îÁö »ì¾Æ³²Àº »ç¶÷Àº 5¸í»ÓÀ̾ú ´Ù). '¿¡¸¶´©¿¤'(Emanuel)À̶õ À̸§À¸·Î ¼¼ ·Ê¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, È÷ºê¸®¾î¸¦ °øºÎÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ±× ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̸§À» 'À̸¶´©¿¤"(Immanuel:ÇÏ ´À´ÔÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿Í ÇÔ²² °è½Ã´Ù)·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â »îÀ» ÅëÆ²¾î¼ Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å©·ÎºÎÅÍ 100¸¶ÀÏ º¸´Ù ´õ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø °÷À¸·Î ¿©Çà ÇÑ ÀûÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾ø´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÎ ¿äÇÑ °Ô ¿À¸£Å© ÄÆ®(Johann Georg Kant) (1682~1746)´Â, ´ç½Ã ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾¿¡¼ °¡Àå ºÏÂÊ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ µµ½ÃÀÎ ¸Þ¸á·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÁÖÇÑ µ¶ÀÏÀÎ ¸¶±¸(Ø©Îý) Á¦ÀÛÀÚÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÎ ´À ·¹±â³ª µµ·Î½Ã¾Æ ·ùÅÍ (nee Regina Dorothea Reuter) (1697~1737) ´Â, ´µ¸¥º£¸£Å©¿¡¼ ž´Ù. ÄÆ®ÀÇ ÇÒ¾Æ ¹öÁö´Â ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µå¿¡¼ µ¿ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾À¸·Î ÀÌ ÁÖÇÑ »ç¶÷À̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °¡Á·ÀÇ ¼ºÀ» ½ºÄÚÆ²·£µå½Ä("Cant")À¸·Î Àû °ï Çß´Ù. ¾î·ÈÀ» ¶§ ÄÆ®´Â µ¸º¸ÀÌÁö´Â ¾Ê ¾ÒÀ¸³ª ¼º½ÇÇÑ ÇлýÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â °æ°ÇÁÖÀÇ ¸¦ µû¸£´Â °¡Á¤¿¡¼ ¼ºÀåÇß´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °æ °ÇÁÖÀÇ´Â Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Çå½Å°ú °â¼ÕÇÔ ±×¸®°í ¼º°æÀ» ¹®ÀÚ ±×´ë·Î ÇØ¼®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °Á¶ÇÏ ¿´´Ù. ±× °á°ú·Î ÄÆ®°¡ ¹ÞÀº ±³À°Àº, ¼öÇÐ °ú °úÇк¸´Ù´Â ¶óƾ¾î¿Í Á¾±³ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ¿ì¼± ½Ã ÇÏ¿´°í, ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°í °¡È¤Çϸç ÈÆ·ÃÀ» °Á¶ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÄÆ®ÀÇ ºÎ¸ð´Â û±³µµÀû »ýȰÀ» ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â À¯³â½ÃÀýÀÇ ÄÆ®¿¡°Ô ±íÀº ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ Ä£ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀüÇØÁø´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â 1732³â ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¿Í Ä£ºÐÀÌ ÀÖ´ø ½ÅÇÐÀÚ ½¶Ã÷°¡ ÁöµµÇÏ´ø »ç Çб³ ÇÁ¸®µå¸¯½º ±è³ªÁö¿ò¿¡ ÀÔÇÐÇϰí 1740 ³â¿¡ Á¹¾÷Çß´Ù. °°Àº ÇØ¿¡ Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å© ÀÇ ´ëÇп¡ ÀÔÇÐÇÏ¿© öÇаú ¼öÇÐÀ» °øºÎÇß ´Âµ¥, ƯÈ÷ ¸¶¸£Æ¾ Å©´©Ã¾(Martin Knutzen) ¿¡°Ô ³í¸®Çаú ¼öÇÐÀ» Áöµµ ¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë ·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ÀÚ¿¬°úÇп¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °® °í ¾ÆÀÌÀÛ ´ºÅÏÀÇ ¹°¸®Çп¡ ¸Å·áµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÈÄ´ëÀÇ Àü±â ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ ±â·Ï¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÄÆ® ´Â 1746³â ¡¶È°·ÂÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÃøÁ¤¿¡ °üÇÑ »ç »ó¡·(Gedanken von der wahren Schatzung der lebendigen Krafte)À̶ó´Â Á¹¾÷³í¹®°ú ÇÔ²² ´ëÇÐÀ» Á¹¾÷ÇßÀ¸³ª, ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ »ç¸ÁÇÔ ¿¡ µû¶ó ÇÐÀڱݰú »ý°è À¯Áö¸¦ À§ÇØ ¼ö ³â ¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Áö¹æ ±ÍÁ·°¡¹®ÀÇ °¡Á¤±³»ç »ýȰÀ» ÇÏ¸é¼ È¦·Î öÇבּ¸¸¦ °è¼ÓÇß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÄÆ®´Â °ð ´ëÇÐÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç 1755³â 6¿ù 12ÀÏ, ¡¶ÀϹÝÀÚ¿¬»ç¿Í õüÀÌ ·Ð¡·(Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels)À̶ó´Â ³í¹®À¸·Î ¹Ú»ç ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹ÞÀ½°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¡¶ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû ÀÎ½Ä ÀÇ À¸¶ä°¡´Â ¸íÁ¦ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ÇØ¸í¡· (Principorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae nova dilucidatio)À̶ó´Â ³í ¹®À¸·Î ´ëÇп¡¼ °ÀǸ¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ°Ý À» ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ´ëÇп¡¼ ÀÏ¹Ý³í¸®ÇÐ, ¹° ¸®ÇÐ, ÀÚ¿¬¹ý, ÀÚ¿¬½ÅÇÐ, À±¸®ÇÐµî ¿©·¯ ºÐ ¾ßÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦·Î °ÀÇÇß´Ù. 1756³â Å©´©Ã¾ÀÌ »ç ¸ÁÇÏÀÚ ±×ÀÇ ÈÄÀÓÀ¸·Î ±³¼öÁ÷À» ¾òÀ¸·Á ³ë ·ÂÇßÁö¸¸ ¼º°ú¸¦ °ÅµÎÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ 1764³â ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ÀÇ ±³À°ºÎ¿¡¼ Á¦°øÇÑ ¹®ÇÐ ±³¼öÀÚ¸®¸¦ °ÅÀýÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î öÇб³¼öÁ÷À» °¥¸ÁÇß´Ù. 18¼¼±â±îÁöµµ ¼öÇÐ °ú ¹°¸®ÇÐÀº ÀÚ¿¬Ã¶ÇÐÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǾî öÇÐ ÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ¼ÓÇß´Ù. 1766³â¿¡´Â »ýȰºñ¸¦ Ãæ ´çÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¿Õ¸³µµ¼°üÀÇ »ç¼·Î ÃëÁ÷ÇÏ ¿© 1772³â±îÁö ±Ù¹«Çϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. ±×»çÀÌ ÄÆ®´Â ¿øÇÏ´ø´ë·Î Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å© ´ëÇÐÀÇ Ã¶Çб³¼öÁ÷¸¦ ¾ò°ÔµÇ´Âµ¥, À̶§ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ±³ ¼öÃëÀÓ³í¹®(1770³â)Àº ÄÆ® ºñÆÇ öÇÐÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀ» ¾Ë¸®´Â Àú¼ú·Î Æò°¡µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. 10¿© ³â°£ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀû ħ¹¬±â¸¦ °ÅÄ£ ÈÄ ÄÆ® ´Â 1780³â´ë¿¡ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ Àú¼, Áï ¿¡ ¼¼ÀÌ ¡¶°è¸ùÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?¶ó´Â ¹°À½¿¡ ´ë ÇÑ ´äº¯¡·(Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklarung?, 1784), ¡¶À±¸® ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ ÀÇ Á¤ÃÊ¡·(Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785), ¡¶ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ Àû ±âÃÊ¡·(Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Naturwissenschaft, 1786)¸¦ ÀÕ´Þ¾Æ ¹ß Ç¥ÇÏ¸é¼ Á¡Á¡ ¸í¼ºÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó°¬´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·(ÃÊÆÇ:1781³â, ÀçÆÇ:1787 ³â), ¡¶½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·(1788), ±×¸®°í ¡¶ÆÇ ´Ü·ÂºñÆÇ¡·(1790)¿¡¼ ±×ÀÇ ºñÆÇöÇÐÀÇ Á¤ ¼ö¸¦ ¼±º¸¿´´Ù. ´«ºÎ½Å Çй®Àû ¼ºÃë¿Í ´õºÒ ¾î 1786~8³â¿¡´Â Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å©´ëÇÐÀÇ ÃÑ Àå¿¡ ¼±ÃâµÇ´Â ¿µ¿¹¸¦ ´©·È´Ù. 17(??)³â±îÁö ¾à 20¿© ³â°£¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÄÆ®´Â ÇÑ ¹øµµ Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å©¸¦ ¶°³ªÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸ ¸ç, ¾Ë·ÁÁø °Íó·³ ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÎ ÀÏ»ó»ýȰÀ» ¿µÀ§ÇÏ¸é¼ °ÀÇ¿Í »çÀ¯¿¡ Àü³äÇß´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ 1792³â¿¡ ³í¹®ÃâÆÇ°ú °Ë¿À» µÎ°í ÇкΠ°ü¸®Ã³¿Í ÀÛÀº ÀÇ°ß Ãæµ¹ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °Í À¸·Î ÀüÇØÁø´Ù. ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ³í¹®Àº ¡¶Àΰ£º»¼º ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ÀÇ ±Ùº»¾Ç¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©¡·(Vom radikalen Bosen in der menschlichen Natur)¶õ Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î¼ ´ç½ÃÀÇ °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ»ç»ó °ú Á¾±³¿¡ °üÇÑ ÄÆ®ÀÇ ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÑ °ßÇØ°¡ ´ëÇÐ °ü¸®Ã³·ÎºÎÅÍ °æ°í¸¦ ¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀüÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. Æò»ý µ¶½ÅÀ¸·Î »ì¸ç Ä¿ÇÇ¿Í ´ã¹è¸¦ Áñ°å´ø ÄÆ®´Â 1804³â 2¿ù 12ÀÏ »õº® 4½Ã, 80¼¼¸¦ Çâ³âÀ¸·Î »ýÀ» ¸¶°¨ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°¡ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸ ·Î "±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ÁÁ´Ù"(Es ist gut.)¶ó´Â ¸»À» ³²°å´Ù. [ÄÆ® öÇÐ] ÄÆ®´Â 18¼¼±â öÇп¡ ÀÖ¾î °¡Àå Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ³¢Ä£ Àι°·Î Æò°¡ ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦ ·Î ÄÆ® ÀÌÀüÀÇ Ã¶Çаú ÀÌÈÄÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀº Â÷ÀÌ ¸¦ º¸ÀδÙ. À̰ÍÀº ÄÆ®°¡ Ãʰ¨°¢ÀûÀÎ ¼¼°è ¸¦ ³íÇÏ´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇаú´Â ´Ù¸¥ 'Çй® À¸·Î¼ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ'ÀÇ Ã¼°è¸¦ ¼¼¿ì·Á°í Çß À¸¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ Ã¼°èÀÇ ±Ù°Å°¡ µÇ´Â ÀνķРÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿© ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ¿Í °æÇèÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡ À» ÁöÀûÇÏ¸é¼ Àνķп¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í µÎ »ç »óÀÇ ÇѰ迡¼ ¹þ¾î³ öÇÐÀ» ÇÏ·Á°í ½Ãµµ Ç߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÄÆ®°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â 'Çй®À¸·Î¼ ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ'Àº Àνķп¡ ±Ù°Å¸¦ µÎ°í À̼º ÀÌ À̼º ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ºñÆÇÇϴ öÇÐÀÌ´Ù. [ºñÆÇ öÇÐ] ÄÆ®ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÌ ºñÆÇöÇÐÀ̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÌÀ¯ ´Â ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ±×ÀÇ ¼¼ °¡Áö Àú¼¡¶¼ø¼öÀÌ ¼ººñÆÇ¡·, ¡¶½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·,¡¶ÆÇ´Ü·Âºñ ÆÇ¡·¿¡¼ ¿¬À¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À̵é Ã¥ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ ³¡¿¡ ºÙÀÎ 'ºñÆÇ'À̶ó´Â °³³äÀº ÄÆ®°¡ °ú°ÅÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ºñÆÇÀû ¿¬±¸ ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¶ÇÇÑ ÄÆ®´Â ÀÌ·¯ ÇÑ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ ½º½º·ÎÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» 'ºñÆÇöÇÐ' À̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù. ÄÆ®°¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÆÇ öÇÐ À» ÆîÄ¡°Ô µÈ µ¥¿¡´Â, ´ºÅÏÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬°úÇаú ·ç¼ÒÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ, ±×¸®°í Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀνĴɷ¿¡ ´ë ÇÑ ÈâÀÇ È¸ÀǸ¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ Á¡ÀÌ Å©°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¼¼ ±ÇÀÇ Àú¼ ³»¿ëÀ» ¿ä¾àÇÑ Áú¹®°ú °¢ Ã¥ ÀÌ ´Ù·é ¿µ¿ªÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·(1781³â): ³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¾î ¶»°Ô ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?-ÀνķР¡¶½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·(1788³â): ³ª´Â ¾î¶»°Ô Çà µ¿ÇØ¾ß Çϳª?-À±¸®ÇÐ ¡¶ÆÇ´Ü·ÂºñÆÇ¡·(1790³â): ³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ù ¶ö ¼ö ÀÖ³ª?-¹ÌÇÐ [ÀνķÐ] 17~18¼¼±â öÇÐÀº ÀνķÐÀ¸·Î Å©°Ô ÇÕ¸®ÁÖ ÀÇ¿Í °æÇèÁÖÀÇ·Î ³ª´µ¾ú´Ù. ¿©±â¼ ÇÕ¸®ÁÖ ÀÇ´Â Àΰ£ÀÌ º»·¡ºÎÅÍ Áö´Ñ ¼±ÇèÀû À̼ºÀ» Áß½ÃÇÏ¿´°í, °æÇèÁÖÀÇ´Â Àΰ£ÀÌ °æÇèÇÔÀ¸·Î ½á Áö½ÄÀ» ¾ò´Â ±Í³³¹ýÀ» Áß½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÕ¸® ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀº "¹é¸¶´Â Èñ´Ù"¿Í °°ÀÌ ¼ú¾î °¡ ÁÖ¾îÀÇ °³³ä¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Â ºÐ¼® ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ÇϹǷÎ, Áö½ÄÀ» È®ÀåÇØ ³ª°¡´Â µ¥ Å©°Ô µµ¿òÀÌ µÇÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´°í, °æÇèÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹æ ½ÄÀº ±Í³³ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» °Á¶Çϸç Á¾ÇÕÆÇ´Ü À» ÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö Áø¸®ÀÇ ÇÊ¿¬¼ºÀ» ã´Â µ¥ ÇÑ °è¸¦ µå·¯³»¾ú´Ù. ¿©±â¼ ÄÆ®´Â ÀÌ µÎ »ç»óÀ» ÅëÇÕÇÑ ¼±ÇèÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. Áï, Áö½ÄÀÇ º¸Æí¼º°ú ÇÊ¿¬¼ºÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¸é¼ µµ ÀνÄÀ» È®ÀåÇÏ´Â '¼±ÇèÀû (¼±ÃµÀû:a priori) Á¾ÇÕÆÇ´Ü' À» ±àÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·¿¡¼ Àΰ£ÀÇ À̼º ÀÌ Áö´Ñ ÇѰ踦 ÁöÀûÇÏ¸é¼ Àΰ£ ÀνĿ¡ ¼± ÇèÀû Çü½ÄÀ» µµÀÔÇÏ´Â À̸¥¹Ù 'ÄÚÆä¸£´ÏÄí ½ºÀû Àüȯ' (Kopernikanische Wendung)À» ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´´Ù. 'ÄÚÆä¸£´ÏÄí½ºÀû Àüȯ'À̶õ ÀÎ °£ÀÌ ´ë»óÀ» ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î ÀνÄÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ ´Ï¶ó Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀνÄÀÌ ´ë»óÀÇ °ü³äÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³½´Ù´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù. ½±°Ô ¸»Çϸé Àΰ£Àº ´ë»ó ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ´ë·Î ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾Æ´Â ´ë ·Î ±× ´ë»óÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû ¶ó¼ ÄÆ®¿¡°Ô Áø¸®´Â ÁÖüÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜÇü½Ä¿¡ ¼ ã¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹«¾ùÀÌ´Ù. ÄÆ®ÀÇ ÀνķÐÀº °¨¼ºÀ» ÅëÇØ ¾òÀº °¨°¢À» ¹üÁÖ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© Áö¼º(Verstand:¿À¼º)À¸·Î ÀνÄÇϰí, ÃʰæÇèÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº À̼ºÀ¸·Î ÀÎ½Ä ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °¨¼ºÀº ¾î¶² ¹°ÀÚü¸¦ Áö°¢ ÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀ̸ç, ¹üÁÖ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¨°¢À» ÀÎ½Ä ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Æ²ÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ °¨¼º°ú Áö¼ºÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ Áö°¢ ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î ¾ø¾î¼ ´Â ¾ÈµÇ´Â ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ¿ä°ÇÀÎ ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù. ¿©±â ¼ ÄÆ®´Â Àΰ£ÀÌ »ç¹°À» ÀνÄÇÏ´Â µ¥ ½Ã°£ °ú °ø°£ °ªÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í º»´Ù. ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¿¬Àå°ú Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÎ ½ÄÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í º¸¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ´Ù ¸¸, °¨Á¤°ú °°Àº °ÍÀº °ø°£ °ªÀº ¾øÁö¸¸ ½Ã °£ °ª¸¸ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Ò´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â Àú¼ ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·¿¡¼ ÃʰæÇè ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» À̼ºÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ºñÆÇ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. °¡·É ½ÅÀÇ Á¸À縦 Áõ¸íÇÏ·Á´Â Á¸Àç ·ÐÀû Áõ¸í µîÀ» ºñÆÇÇÏ¿© ¿©·¯ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû ÀÎ »ç»óµéÀ» ¹è°ÝÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»Àº ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀÌ °ÅÁþÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï ¶ó, ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÎ½Ä ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¾î¶² ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû ¸íÁ¦°¡ ÂüÀÎÁö °ÅÁþÀÎÁö´Â ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÄÆ®´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ Áö ¼º(Verstand)ÀÌ »ç¹°ÀÇ Çö»óÀ» ºÐ·ù,Á¤¸® ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ±× Çö»ó ³Ê¸Ó¿¡ ¼ûÀº º»Áú¿¡ ´Â À̸¦ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù. Àΰ£Àº »ç¹°ÀÇ º»ÁúÀ̳ª ½Å¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¹°ÀÚü¸¦ ÀνÄÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ÄÆ®¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ±â Á¸ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ ÀνÄÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÃÊ °¨°¢ÀûÀ̰í ÃʰæÇèÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÀÇ ¹üÁÖ ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ²ø¾îµéÀÌ´Â ¿À·ù¸¦ ÀúÁö¸¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÌ ±×·± ¿À·ù¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª À̼ºÀÇ ÀνÄü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çй®ÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ßÇÑ´Ù °í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÄÆ®´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ ½Å, ¿µÈ¥µéÀÇ Á¸À縦 µµ´öÀ» ´Ù·ç´Â °úÁ¤¿¡ ¼ ´Ù½Ã ¿äûÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. [À±¸®ÇÐ] ÄÆ®´Â À±¸®ÇÐÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϸé¼, ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ °¨ Á¤À̳ª »óȲ¿¡ µû¶ó ¡®Â÷À̰¡ ³ª´Â¡¯ µµ´ö ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¡®º¸ÆíÀû ÀÌ°í °´°üÀû¡¯ÀÎ µµ´öÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸ðµÎ °¡ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ̰í Ÿ´çÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â µµ´ö À» ÁöŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿Ç´Ù°í »ý°¢Ç߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µµ´öÀ» µµ´ö¹ýÄ¢À̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â µ¥, ÄÆ®´Â Àΰ£Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¨Á¤¿¡ µû¶ó ¼± À» º£Çª´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¿©±â ¼ ÄÆ®´Â Àΰ£Àº ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿¡¼ Ãæµ¿°ú µµ´ö ÀÌ ÅõÀïÇÑ´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù. Áï, ¿Ç°í ±×¸¥ ÀÏ À» ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ´Â Ãæµ¿°ú µµ´ö½ÉÀÌ ÅõÀïÀ» Çϸç, µµ´öÀÌ À̱â¸é ¼±ÇÑ ÇൿÀ» Çϰí Ãæµ¿ÀÌ À̱â¸é ±× ¸¥ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í º¸¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¸´Ù°í µµ´öÀÌ Ãæµ¿À» ¾ø¾Ö ¹ö·Á¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¡®°á°ú¡¯º¸´Ù´Â ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¡®µ¿ ±â¡¯¸¦ Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ±×´Â ¾î¶² °á°ú ¸¦ ¾ò°Å³ª ¾î¶² ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏ·Á´Â ¡®¼ö´Ü À¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¸í·É¡¯ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸í·É ±× ÀÚü °¡ ¸ñÀûÀΡ®¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ ¸í·É¡¯À» µµ´ö¹ýÄ¢ À¸·Î Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏ¸é ¶§¿Í Àå¼Ò ¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶óÁö´Â Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ °¡¾ð(Ê£åë) ¸í ·ÉÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾î¶°ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼¶óµµ ¹«Á¶°Ç µû¶ó¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â Àǹ«·Î¼ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÎ Á¤¾ð(ïÒ åë) ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¼¼¿î °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÄÆ®¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ´©±¸³ª ¾î¶² Á¶°Ç¿¡¼µç µû ¶ó¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â Á¤¾ð ¸í·ÉÀº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö ¸¦ µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ù° ¸í·ÉÀº, ¡°³× ÀÇÁöÀÇ ÁØÄ¢(°Ý·ü)ÀÌ ¾ð Á¦³ª µ¿½Ã¿¡ º¸ÆíÀû ÀÔ¹ýÀÇ ¿ø¸®°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇàÀ§Ç϶ó¡±ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»Àº ½±°Ô ¸» ÇØ ´©±¸µçÁö ¾î¶² ÇൿÀ» ÇÒ ¶§´Â ½º½º·Î »ý°¢ÇÒ ¶§ ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×¿Í °°Àº Çà µ¿À» ÇØµµ ±¦Âú´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â ÇൿÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. µÑ° ¸í·ÉÀº, ¡°³Ê ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ ÀÇ ÀΰÝÀ» ¾ðÁ¦³ª µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ´ë¿ìÇÏ µµ·Ï ÇàÀ§Ç϶ó¡±ÀÌ´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â ´ç½Ã À¯·´¿¡ ¼ À¯ÇàÇÏ´ø ÀÚ¿¬·ÐÀûÀÎ Àΰ£°üÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿´ ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù°í º» ÀÚ¿¬·ÐÀûÀÎ Àΰ£°üÀ» ºÎÁ¤Çϸé¼, ±×´Â ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÇ ÆòµîÇÑ Á¸¾ö¼ºÀ» °Á¶Çß´Ù. Ä Æ®¿¡ µû¸£¸é, Àΰ£¿¡°Ô´Â ¡®µµ´ö ¹ýÄ¢¡¯ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£Àº Àý´ëÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ Áö ´Ñ ÀΰÝü·Î¼, ´Ù¸¥ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±× ¡®ÀÚü°¡ ¸ñÀû¡¯ÀÌ¸ç ±×¿¡ ÇÕ´ç ÇÑ Á¸¾öÇÑ ´ë¿ì¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Çß´Ù. [¿µÇâ°ú ºñÆÇ] [¿µÇâ] ¼¾ç »ç»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÄÆ®ÀÇ Æø³ÐÀº ¿µÇâÀº Çì ¾Æ¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Â Á¤µµÀÌ´Ù. ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »ç»ó°¡¿¡ °Ô ÁØ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼, ÄÆ®´Â ±× °¡ »ì¾Ò´ø ½Ã´ë¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ Áö±Ý±îÁö¿¡ À̸£ ´Â öÇבּ¸°¡ ÄÆ® ÀÌÀüÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ¾ø À» Á¤µµ·Î öÇÐÀÇ Æ² ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù. ´Þ ¸® ¸»Çϸé, ±×´Â ÆÐ·¯´ÙÀÓÀÇ Àüȯ (paradigm shift)À» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àüȯ Àº °ø¸®ÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼ Èıâ ÄÆ®ÇÐÆÄÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡ À̸£´Â Çõ½Å°ú ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°üµÈ ä·Î öÇÐ °ú »çȸ°úÇÐ, Àι®ÇÐ ºÐ¾ß ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼ À¯ÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù. "ÄÆ®ÀÇ "ÄÚÆä¸£´ÏÄí½ºÀû Àüȯ"Àº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Áö½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸ÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡¼ Àΰ£ ÁÖü ¶Ç ´Â ¾Æ´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ´ã´çÇϰí ÀÖ ´Ù. (ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀüȯÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é) ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì ¸®¿Í ¾Æ¹« »ó°ü¾ø´Â »ç¹° ÀÚü¿Í ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±× »ç¹°ÀÌ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ öÇÐÀûÀ¸ ·Î ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.¡± ÄÆ®ÀÇ »ý°¢Àº ±× ÀüºÎ ¶Ç´Â ÀϺΰ¡ ÀÌÈÄ ¿¡ °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖÀåÀ» ÆîÄ£ ÇÐÆÄµé¿¡°Ô¼ µå ·¯³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä·Ð, ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇ, Çö»ó ÇÐ, ½ÇÁ¸ÁÖÀÇ, ºñÆÇ ÀÌ·Ð, ¾ð¾î öÇÐ, ±¸Á¶ ÁÖÀÇ, Èı⠱¸Á¶ÁÖÀÇ, ÇØÃ¼ÁÖÀǰ¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ÄÆ®ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀº »çȸ°úÇаú Çൿ°ú Çп¡¼µµ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â µ¥, ¸·½º º£¹öÀÇ »çȸÇÐ °ú Àå ÇǾÆÁ¦ÀÇ ½É¸®ÇÐ, ±×¸®°í ³ë¾Ï Ãνº ŰÀÇ ¾ð¾îÇÐÀ» ¿¹·Î µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÄÆ®°¡ ÆÐ ·¯´ÙÀÓÀ» öÀúÇÏ°Ô ¹Ù²Ù¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, Ưº° È÷ ÄÆ®ÀÇ Àú¼³ª ÄÆ®ÀÇ ¿ë¾î¸¦ ¾ð±ÞÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÐÀÚµé±îÁöµµ ÄÆ®ÀÇ ¿µÇâ¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î ³¯ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ »ý¾Ö µ¿¾È¿¡, ±×ÀÇ »ç»óÀº »ó´çÇÑ ÁÖ ¸ñÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â 1780³â´ë¿¡¼ 1790³â´ë ±îÁö ¶óÀÎȦµå, ÇÇÈ÷Å×, ¼Ð¸µ, Çì°Ö, ³ë¹ß ¸®½º¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù. ÄÆ®ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÌ °í ½ÇõÀûÀÎ ±Û¾²±â¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ÀÏ¾î³ Ã¶ÇÐ ¿îµ¿Àº µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä·ÐÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Ù. ¿¹ ¸¦ µé¾î µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä·ÐÀÚÀÎ ÇÇÈ÷Å×¿Í ½©¸µ Àº, ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î "ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ"¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾú ´ø "Àý´ëÀûÀÎ °Í", "½Å", "Á¸Àç"¿Í °°Àº °³ ³äÀ» ÄÆ® ºñÆÇ öÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î ¿Å±â·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´´Ù. [ºñÆÇ] ÄÆ®°¡ »ì¾ÆÀÖÀ» ´ç½ÃºÎÅÍ ÄÆ® öÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇ°ú ¹Ý¹ßÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â À̼ºÀÇ ´É·Â°ú Á¾±³¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ºñÆÇÇß °í, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÆÇÀº ´ç½Ã¿¡ À̼ºÀ» ½Å·ÚÇÏ ´ø öÇÐÀÚ³ª Á¾±³¸¦ ¹Ï´ø Á¾±³Àο¡°Ô´Â ¸Å ¿ì ºÒ¸¸½º·¯¿î °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. [Á¦ÀÚ°¡ ¹Ù¶óº» ÄÆ®] ÄÆ®ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ ¿äÇÑ Ç츣´õ´Â ±×ÀÇ ½º½Â¿¡ ´ë ÇØ¼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Æò°¡ÇÑ´Ù: "»ç°í¸¦ À§ÇÑ À̸¶´Â Ä§ÂøÇÑ À¯ÄèÇÔ°ú ±â»ÝÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¿´´Ù. ¸»¿¡´Â dzºÎÇÑ »ç»óÀÌ ³ÑÃÄÈê·¶°í ³ó´ã°ú ÀçÄ¡°¡ Àå±â¿´´Ù. ¾Ë¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¹«°ü½É Çß´Ù. ¾î¶² À½¸ð³ª Æí°ß ±×¸®°í ¸í¼º¿¡ ´ë ÇÑ ¿å¸Áµµ, Áø¸®¸¦ ºû³ª°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡¼ ±× °¡ Á¶±ÝÀÌ¶óµµ ¹þ¾î³ªµµ·Ï À¯È¤ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß ´Ù. ±×´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ½º½º·Î »ý °¢Çϵµ·Ï ºÎµå·´°Ô °¿äÇß´Ù. ³»°¡ ÃÖ°íÀÇ °¨»ç¿Í Á¸°æÀ» ´ÙÇØ ºÎ¸£´Â ±×ÀÇ À̸§Àº, À̸¶´©¿¤ ÄÆ®ÀÌ´Ù." [Àú¼] ¡¶ÀÏ¹Ý ÀÚ¿¬»ç¿Í õü·Ð¡· (Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels, 1755³â) ¡¶¹Ì¿Í ¼þ°íÀÇ °¨Á¤¿¡ °üÇÑ °íÂû¡· (Beobachtungen uber das Gefuhl des Schonen und Erhabenen, 1764³â) ¡¶¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ¼þ°íÇÔÀÇ °¨Á¤¿¡ °üÇÑ °í Âû¡·, ÀÌÀçÁØ ¿Å±è, Ã¥¼¼»ó, 2005³â, ISBN 978-89-7013-518-2 ¡¶°¡°¨°è¿Í °¡»ó°èÀÇ Çü½Ä°ú ¿ø¸®¡· (De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis, 1770³â) ¡¶°¨¼º°è¿Í Áö¼º°èÀÇ Çü½Ä°ú ¿ø¸®µé¡·, ÃÖ ¼ÒÀÎ ¿Å±è, ÀÌÁ¦À̺Ͻº, 2007³â, ISBN 978- 89-5644-092-7 ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡· (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1ÆÇ, 1781³â: 2ÆÇ, 1787) ÃÖÀçÈñ ¿Å±è, ¹Ú¿µ»ç, 2009³â(°³Á¤ÆÇ), ISBN 978-89-6454-181-4 ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è(Àü2±Ç), ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2006³â, ISBN 89-5733-031-3 ¡¶¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼¼³¡· (Prolegomena zu einer jeden kunftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten konnen, 1783³â) ¡¶ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ ¼¼³¡·, ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2012³â, ISBN 978-89-5733-247-4 ¡¶°è¸ùÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?¶ó´Â ¹°À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ä º¯¡· (Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklarung?, 1784³â) ¡¶¼¼°è½Ã¹ÎÀû °ßÁö¿¡¼ º» º¸Æí»çÀÇ ÀÌ ³ä¡· (Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltburgerlicher Absicht, 1784³â) ¡¶¼¼°è½Ã¹ÎÀû °ßÁö¿¡¼ º» º¸Æí»çÀÇ ÀÌ ³ä¡·, À̼®À± ¿Å±è, ¡¶À±¸® ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ Á¤ÃÊ¡· (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785³â) ¡¶À±¸®ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ Á¤ÃÊ¡·, ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ« ³Ý, 2005³â, ISBN 978-89-5733-064-7 ¡¶µµ´ö ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âÃÊ ³õ±â¡·, ÀÌ¿ø ºÀ ¿Å±è, Ã¥¼¼»ó, 2002³â, ISBN 978-89- 7013-364-5 ¡¶ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû ±âÃÊ¡· (Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Naturwissenschaft, 1786³â) ¡¶½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡· (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788³â) ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2002³â, ISBN 89- 89103-56-8 ÃÖÀçÈñ ¿Å±è, ¹Ú¿µ»ç, 2011³â, ISBN 978- 89-6454-112-8 ¡¶ÆÇ´Ü·ÂºñÆÇ¡· (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790³â) À̼®À± ¿Å±è, ¹Ú¿µ»ç, 2005³â, ISBN 978- 89-10-03012-6 ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2009³â, ISBN 978- 89-5733-153-8 ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ºÀÇ ÇÑ°è ³»ÀÇ Á¾±³¡· (Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blo©¬en Vernunft, 1793³â) ¡¶À̼ºÀÇ ÇÑ°è ¾È¿¡¼ÀÇ Á¾±³¡·, ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å ±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2011³â, ISBN 978-89-5733- 217-7 ¡¶¿µ¿øÇÑ Æòȸ¦ À§ÇÏ¿©¡· (Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf, 1795³â) ÀÌÇѱ¸ ¿Å±è, ¼±¤»ç, 1992³â, ISBN 978- 89-306-1021-6 ¡¶À±¸® ÇüÀÌ»óÇС· (Die Metaphysik der Sitten, 1797³â) [ÄÆ® ÀüÁý] µ¶ÀÏ ¿Õ¸³Çмú¿ø¿¡¼ °£ÇàÇÑ ÀüÁý (Kant gesammelte Schriften, ÆíÁý Konigliche-Preu©¬ische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1910ff., Berlin). Èç È÷ "Çмú¿øÆÇ"À¸·Î ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÌ ÀüÁýÀº ÄÆ® Àú¼ú ÀοëÀÇ Ç¥ÁØÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÁÖ¾îįÇÁ ÃâÆÇ»ç¿¡¼ °£ÇàÇÑ ºÁÀ̼ε¨ Æí Áý (Kants Werke, W. Weischedel (Hrsg.), Suhrkampff) ============================ Immanuel Kant [Born] 22 April 1724 Konigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) [Died] 12 February 1804 (aged 79) Konigsberg, Prussia [Residence] Konigsberg, Prussia [Nationality] Prussian [Alma mater] University of Konigsberg (PhD, 1755; Dr. habil., 1770) [Era] 18th-century philosophy [Region] Western philosophy [School] Kantianism Enlightenment philosophy [Main interests] Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Cosmogony [Notable ideas] Categorical imperative Transcendental idealism Synthetic a priori Noumenon Sapere aude Nebular hypothesis Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 ~ 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. Kant argued that fundamental concepts of the human mind structure human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our understanding, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is unknowable. Kant took himself to have effected a Copernican revolution in philosophy, akin to Copernicus' reversal of the age-old belief that the sun revolved around the earth. His beliefs continue to have a major influence on contemporary philosophy, especially the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political theory, and aesthetics. Kant in his critical phase sought to 'reverse' the orientation of pre- critical philosophy by showing how the traditional problems of metaphysics can be overcome by supposing that the agreement between reality and the concepts we use to conceive it arises not because our mental concepts have come to passively mirror reality, but because reality must conform to the human mind's active concepts to be conceivable and at all possible for us to experience. Kant thus regarded the basic categories of the human mind as the transcendental "condition of possibility" for any experience. Politically, Kant was one of the earliest exponents of the idea that perpetual peace could be secured through universal democracy and international cooperation. He believed that this eventually will be the outcome of universal history, although it is not rationally planned. The exact nature of Kant's religious ideas continue to be the subject of especially heated philosophical dispute, with viewpoints ranging from the idea that Kant was an early and radical exponent of atheism who finally exploded the ontological argument for God's existence, to more critical treatments epitomized by Nietzsche who claimed that Kant had "theologian blood" and that Kant was merely a sophisticated apologist for traditional Christian religious belief, writing that "Kant wanted to prove, in a way that would dumbfound the common man, that the common man was right: that was the secret joke of this soul." In Kant's major work, the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781), he attempted to explain the relationship between reason and human experience and to move beyond the failures of traditional philosophy and metaphysics. Kant wanted to put an end to an era of futile and speculative theories of human experience, while resisting the skepticism of thinkers such as David Hume. Kant regarded himself as ending and showing the way beyond the impasse which modern philosophy had led to between rationalists and empiricists, and is widely held to have synthesized these two early modern traditions in his thought. Kant argued that our experiences are structured by necessary features of our minds. In his view, the mind shapes and structures experience so that, on an abstract level, all human experience shares certain essential structural features. Among other things, Kant believed that the concepts of space and time are integral to all human experience, as are our concepts of cause and effect. One important consequence of this view is that our experience of things is always of the phenomenal world as conveyed by our senses: we do not have direct access to things in themselves, the so-called noumenal world. Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history. These included the Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788), the Metaphysics of Morals (Die Metaphysik der Sitten, 1797), which dealt with ethics, and the Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790), which looks at aesthetics and teleology. Kant aimed to resolve disputes between empirical and rationalist approaches. The former asserted that all knowledge comes through experience; the latter maintained that reason and innate ideas were prior. Kant argued that experience is purely subjective without first being processed by pure reason. He also said that using reason without applying it to experience only leads to theoretical illusions. The free and proper exercise of reason by the individual was a theme both of the Age of Enlightenment, and of Kant's approaches to the various problems of philosophy. His ideas influenced many thinkers in Germany during his lifetime, and he moved philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists and empiricists. (from ³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú naver.com wikipedia.org) Basis, Between, By, Brain, influence(+) ~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): B+
|