CCG Conscience Grade: B
Edit 2024-02-12 ¿ÀÀü 11:20:49
PIG B+
Home http://bit.ly/1PvlYRQ
SNS1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant
SNS2 http://bit.ly/1Ukd4e8
SNS3 http://bit.ly/1ZKGJyt
 related < HOME > < EDIT>
Rname
      
Ä­Æ®-Immanuel Kant,öÇÐÀÚ,Prussian-Germany
ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ® Immanuel Kant

Áö³­1000³â°£ Àι°100¸íÁß 59À§ ¼±Á¤




[Ãâ»ý] 1724³â 4¿ù 22ÀÏ
ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ ¿Õ±¹ Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å©

[Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ÈçÀûÀ» ã¾Æ¼­]


[»ç¸Á] 1804³â 2¿ù 12ÀÏ (79¼¼)
ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ ¿Õ±¹ Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å©

[Ä­Æ® Àáµé¾î ÀÖ´Â Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å© ¼º´ç ¿©Çà]


[46ºÐ Youtube µ¿¿µ»ó]


[½Ã´ë] 18¼¼±â öÇÐ

[Áö¿ª] ¼­¾ç öÇÐ

[ÇÐÆÄ] Ä­Æ®ÁÖÀÇ, °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ

[¿¬±¸ ºÐ¾ß]
ÀνķÐ, ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ, À±¸®ÇÐ, ³í¸®ÇÐ

[ÁÖ¿ä ¾÷Àû]
Á¤¾ð ¸í·É, ¼±ÇèÀû °ü³ä·Ð,
Á¾ÇÕ ¸íÁ¦, º»Ã¼(¹°ÀÚü),
»çÆä·¹ ¾Æ¿ìµ¥(Sapere aude:³× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Áö¼º
À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¿ë±â¸¦ °¡Á®¶ó), ¼º¿î¼³

[¿ä¾à]
°¡Àå À§´ëÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ·Î ¼Õ²ÅÈ÷´Â µ¶ÀÏ Ãâ½ÅÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù.

¼­¾ç ±Ù¼¼ öÇÐÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ» Áý´ë¼ºÇÏ°í ºñÆÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ź»ý½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç,
µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä öÇÐÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ ¼¼¿ü´Ù.

ÇÁ¸®µå¸®È÷ ´ë¿ÕÀÇ °è¸ùÀûÀÎ Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ ÇýÅÃÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀº
µ¶ÀÏÀû Ư¼ö¼ºÀ» ¶Ù¾î³Ñ´Â ¼¼°è ½Ã¹ÎÀûÀΠöÇÐÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

´ç½Ã Çõ½ÅÀû »ç»óÀ̾ú´ø ´ºÅÏ¿ªÇп¡ ƯÈ÷ °ü½ÉÀ» µÎ¾î
1755³â <õ°è(ô¸Í£)ÀÇ ÀϹÝÀÚ¿¬»ç¿Í ÀÌ·Ð>À» Àú¼úÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,

¿©±â¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ´ºÅÏ¿ªÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦ È®´ë Àû¿ëÇÏ¿©
¿ìÁÖÀÇ Åº»ýÀ» ±Ô¸íÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

ÀÌ´Â ÈÄ¿¡ 'Ä­Æ®-¶óÇöó½ºÀÇ ¼º¿î¼³(àøê£àã)'·Î ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁ®
ÀÌ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

·ç¼Ò´Â Ä­Æ®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸¾ö¼º¿¡ ´«À» ¶ß°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥,
±× ¿µÇâÀ¸·Î Ä­Æ®´Â ·ç¼Ò¿Í ´ºÅÏÀÇ »ç»óÀ» ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÑ
ºñÆÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ź»ý½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.



±×´Â 1781³â¿¡ Ãâ°£ÇÑ ºñÆÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ Ã¹ ¹ø° Àú¼­
<¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ>¿¡¼­ ½Å(ãê)Áß½ÉÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» ¶ì´Â

ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ ¸ðµç °³³äÀÌ Àΰ£ Áß½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯¸¦
Á¦½ÃÇϸ鼭 ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¼º¸³ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹àÇû´Ù.




±×ÀÇ µÎ ¹ø° ºñÆǼ­ÀÎ 1788³âÀÇ <½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ>¿¡¼­´Â
Á» ´õ ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿© Á¾±³¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁ¿¡ µÐ
Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ²Àû µµ´öÀ» ³íÇÏ¿´°í,



¼¼ ¹ø° ºñÆǼ­ÀÎ 1790³âÀÇ <ÆǴܷºñÆÇ>¿¡¼­´Â
¸ñÀû·ÐÀû ÀνÄÀÇ ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¹àÈ÷°í »õ·Î¿î Àΰ£ÇÐÀû
öÇÐÀ» ¸¶¹«¸® Áþ°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.




Ä­Æ®ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀº Èʳ¯ µîÀåÇÑ µ¶ÀÏ ½Å(ãæ)Ä­Æ®ÇÐÆÄ ¿Ü¿¡µµ
¼ö¸¹Àº öÇÐÀû Á¶·ù¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.

[»ý¾Ö È°µ¿ ¹× ¾÷Àû µî]
À̸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ® (Immanuel Kant,
1724³â 4¿ù 22ÀÏ ~ 1804³â 2¿ù 12ÀÏ)´Â

±Ù´ë°è¸ùÁÖÀǸ¦ Á¤Á¡¿¡ ¿Ã·Á³õ¾Ò°í
µ¶ÀÏ °ü³äöÇÐÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ ³õÀº ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù.

Ä­Æ®´Â 21¼¼±âÀÇ Ã¶Çп¡ ±îÁö ¿µÇâÀ» ÁØ »õ·Ó°íµµ Æø ³ÐÀº
öÇÐÀû °üÁ¡À» âÁ¶Çß´Ù.

±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀνķÐÀ» ´Ù·é Áß¿äÇÑ Àú¼­¸¦ Ãâ°£Çß°í,
Á¾±³¿Í ¹ý, ¿ª»ç¿¡ °üÇؼ­µµ Áß¿äÇÑ Ã¥À» ½è´Ù.

±×ÀÇ Å¹¿ùÇÑ Àú¼­ Áß ÇϳªÀÎ ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼º ºñÆÇ¡·Àº
À̼º ±× ÀÚü°¡ Áö´Ñ ±¸Á¶¿Í ÇѰ踦 ¿¬±¸ÇÑ Ã¥ÀÌ´Ù.

[Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ]


ÀÌ Ã¥¿¡¼­ Ä­Æ®´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÇüÀÌ»óÇаú ÀνķÐÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
Ä­Æ® ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±× ºÐ¾ß¿¡ °øÇåÇÑ Á¡À» ºÎ°¢½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Ù.

±×°¡ ¸¸³â¿¡ Ãâ°£ÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖ¿ä Àú¼­¿¡´Â À±¸®ÇÐÀ»
ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù·é¡¶½ÇõÀ̼º ºñÆÇ¡·°ú ¹ÌÇÐ,
¸ñÀû·Ð µîÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÑ ¡¶ÆÇ´Ü·Â ºñÆÇ¡·ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

Çѱ¹.net


±×´Â Á¾·¡ÀÇ °æÇè·Ð ¹× µ¶´Ü·ÐÀ» ±Øº¹Çϵµ·Ï
ºñÆÇöÇÐ(Ýë÷÷ôÉùÊ)À» ¼ö¸³ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

ÀνÄ(ìããÛ) ¹× ½Çõ(ãùôÂ)ÀÇ °´°üÀû ±âÁØÀ» ¼±ÇèÀû(à»úÐîÜ)
Çü½Ä¿¡¼­ ã°í, »çÀ¯(ÞÖêî)°¡ Á¸Àç(ðíî¤)¸¦,
¹æ¹ý(Û°Ûö)ÀÌ ´ë»ó(ÓßßÚ)À» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

µµ´öÀÇ ±Ù°Å¸¦ ÀΰúÀ²ÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â
¼±ÇèÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ã°í,

¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÚÀ²ÀûÀÌ°í ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î µµ´öÀû ÀΰÝÀÇ ÀÚ±â ÀÔ¹ýÀ»
µµ´ö·ü·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù.

±×´Â µµ´öÀû ÀΰÝÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î Çϸ鼭µµ ÀÚÀÇÀû(í°ëòîÜ)ÀÎ
'ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇ¿å°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇ¿åÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ º¸Æí¿øÄ¢¿¡ µû¶ó
ÇÕÄ¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ Á¶°Ç'À» ¹ýÀ̶ó »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Ä­Æ®¿¡°Ô ³»Àû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ½ÇÇö ¼ö´ÜÀÎ ¹ýÀº ¿ÜÀû ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÏ´Â
°­Á¦¸¦ º»Áú·Î ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ µµ´ö°ú ¾ö°ÝÈ÷ ±¸º°µÇ¾ú´Ù.



Ä­Æ®´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ °è¾à¼³ÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ» ÃëÇߴµ¥,
±×´Â ±¹°¡°è¾àÀ» ¿ª»çÀû »ç½Ç°°ÀÌ Ãë±ÞÇÑ °è¸ù±âÀÇ »ç»óÀ»
¹ßÀü½ÃÄѼ­ ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ±¹¹ÎÁÖ±ÇÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀû ¿äûÀ¸·Î ÆľÇÇÏ¿´´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ Ä­Æ®´Â ±¹°¡ °£ÀÇ ÀüÀïÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â,
¿µ±¸(çµÎù) ÆòÈ­¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ½ÇÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Ã¥À» ½è´Ù.

±×´Â ÀüÀïÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ »ý±ä ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³­ µÚ¿¡
Á¶Á¤ÇÏ¿© ÇؼÒÇÏ´Â Á¦µµ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß°í,

±× Á¦µµÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ±¹Á¦¹ýÀÇ °³³ä¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ
±¹Á¦ ¿¬¸ÍÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù.



[Ãâ»ý°ú ¼ºÀå]
1724³â ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ÀÇ »ó¾÷µµ½Ã Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å©
(ÇöÀç ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Ä®¸®´Ñ±×¶óµå)¿¡¼­ ¼ö°ø¾÷ÀÚÀÎ ¾Æ¹öÁö

¿äÇÑ °Ô¿À¸£Å© Ä­Æ®(Johann Georg Kant)¿Í
¾î¸Ó´Ï ¾È³ª ·¹±â³ª(Anna Regina) »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ž´Ù.

±×´Â 11¸íÀÇ ÀÚ³à Áß ³Ý°·Î ž´Ù
(11¸íÀÇ ÀÚ³à Áß ¾î¸¥ µÉ ¶§±îÁö »ì¾Æ³²Àº »ç¶÷Àº 5¸í»ÓÀ̾ú´Ù).

'¿¡¸¶´©¿¤'(Emanuel)À̶õ À̸§À¸·Î ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
È÷ºê¸®¾î¸¦ °øºÎÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̸§À»
'À̸¶´©¿¤"(Immanuel:ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿Í ÇÔ²² °è½Ã´Ù)·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù.

±×´Â »îÀ» ÅëƲ¾î¼­ Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å©·ÎºÎÅÍ 100¸¶ÀÏ º¸´Ù
´õ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø °÷À¸·Î ¿©ÇàÇÑ ÀûÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾ø´Ù.

±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÎ ¿äÇÑ °Ô¿À¸£Å© Ä­Æ®(Johann Georg Kant) (1682~1746)´Â,
´ç½Ã ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ºÏÂÊ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ µµ½ÃÀÎ ¸Þ¸á·ÎºÎÅÍ
ÀÌÁÖÇÑ µ¶ÀÏÀÎ ¸¶±¸(Ø©Îý) Á¦ÀÛÀÚÀ̾ú´Ù.



±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÎ ´À ·¹±â³ª µµ·Î½Ã¾Æ ·ùÅÍ
(nee Regina Dorothea Reuter) (1697~1737)´Â,
´µ¸¥º£¸£Å©¿¡¼­ ž´Ù.

Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ÇҾƹöÁö´Â ½ºÄÚƲ·£µå¿¡¼­ µ¿ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾À¸·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÑ
»ç¶÷À̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °¡Á·ÀÇ ¼ºÀ»
½ºÄÚƲ·£µå½Ä("Cant")À¸·Î Àû°ï Çß´Ù.

¾î·ÈÀ» ¶§ Ä­Æ®´Â µ¸º¸ÀÌÁö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸³ª ¼º½ÇÇÑ ÇлýÀ̾ú´Ù.
±×´Â °æ°ÇÁÖÀǸ¦ µû¸£´Â °¡Á¤¿¡¼­ ¼ºÀåÇß´Ù.

±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °æ°ÇÁÖÀÇ´Â Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Çå½Å°ú °â¼ÕÇÔ ±×¸®°í
¼º°æÀ» ¹®ÀÚ ±×´ë·Î Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °­Á¶ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

±× °á°ú·Î Ä­Æ®°¡ ¹ÞÀº ±³À°Àº, ¼öÇаú °úÇк¸´Ù´Â
¶óƾ¾î¿Í Á¾±³ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ¿ì¼±½Ã ÇÏ¿´°í,
¾ö°ÝÇÏ°í °¡È¤Çϸç ÈÆ·ÃÀ» °­Á¶ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.



Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ºÎ¸ð´Â û±³µµÀû »ýÈ°À» ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç,
ÀÌ´Â À¯³â½ÃÀýÀÇ Ä­Æ®¿¡°Ô ±íÀº ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä£ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀüÇØÁø´Ù.

Ä­Æ®´Â 1732³â ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿Í Ä£ºÐÀÌ ÀÖ´ø ½ÅÇÐÀÚ ½¶Ã÷°¡ ÁöµµÇÏ´ø
»çÇб³ ÇÁ¸®µå¸¯½º ±è³ªÁö¿ò¿¡ ÀÔÇÐÇÏ°í 1740³â¿¡ Á¹¾÷Çß´Ù.

[öÇÐ ¿¬±¸]
°°Àº ÇØ¿¡ Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å©ÀÇ ´ëÇп¡ ÀÔÇÐÇÏ¿© öÇаú ¼öÇÐÀ»
°øºÎÇߴµ¥, ƯÈ÷ ¸¶¸£Æ¾ Å©´©Ã¾(Martin Knutzen)¿¡°Ô
³í¸®Çаú ¼öÇÐÀ» Áöµµ ¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ÀÚ¿¬°úÇп¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °®°í
¾ÆÀÌÀÛ ´ºÅÏÀÇ ¹°¸®Çп¡ ¸Å·áµÇ¾ú´Ù.



ÈÄ´ëÀÇ Àü±â ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ ±â·Ï¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé,
Ä­Æ®´Â 1746³â ¡¶È°·ÂÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÃøÁ¤¿¡ °üÇÑ »ç»ó¡·
(Gedanken von der wahren Schatzung der lebendigen Krafte)À̶ó´Â
Á¹¾÷³í¹®°ú ÇÔ²² ´ëÇÐÀ» Á¹¾÷ÇßÀ¸³ª,

¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ »ç¸ÁÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ÇÐÀڱݰú »ý°è À¯Áö¸¦ À§ÇØ
¼ö ³â¿¡ °ÉÃÄ Áö¹æ ±ÍÁ·°¡¹®ÀÇ °¡Á¤±³»ç »ýÈ°À» Çϸ鼭
Ȧ·Î öÇבּ¸¸¦ °è¼ÓÇß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.

±×·¯³ª Ä­Æ®´Â °ð ´ëÇÐÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç 1755³â 6¿ù 12ÀÏ,
¡¶ÀϹÝÀÚ¿¬»ç¿Í õüÀ̷С·(Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und
Theorie des Himmels)À̶ó´Â ³í¹®À¸·Î ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹ÞÀ½°ú
µ¿½Ã¿¡,

¡¶ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû ÀνÄÀÇ À¸¶ä°¡´Â ¸íÁ¦ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ÇØ¸í¡·
(Principorum primorum cognitionis metaphysicae
nova dilucidatio)À̶ó´Â ³í¹®À¸·Î
´ëÇп¡¼­ °­ÀǸ¦ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚ°ÝÀ» ¾ò¾ú´Ù.

ÀÌÈÄ ´ëÇп¡¼­ ÀÏ¹Ý³í¸®ÇÐ, ¹°¸®ÇÐ, ÀÚ¿¬¹ý, ÀÚ¿¬½ÅÇÐ,
À±¸®ÇÐµî ¿©·¯ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦·Î °­ÀÇÇß´Ù.



1756³â Å©´©Ã¾ÀÌ »ç¸ÁÇÏÀÚ ±×ÀÇ ÈÄÀÓÀ¸·Î ±³¼öÁ÷À» ¾òÀ¸·Á
³ë·ÂÇßÁö¸¸ ¼º°ú¸¦ °ÅµÎÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.

±×·¸Áö¸¸ 1764³â ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ÀÇ ±³À°ºÎ¿¡¼­ Á¦°øÇÑ
¹®ÇÐ ±³¼öÀÚ¸®¸¦ °ÅÀýÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î öÇб³¼öÁ÷À» °¥¸ÁÇß´Ù.

18¼¼±â±îÁöµµ ¼öÇаú ¹°¸®ÇÐÀº ÀÚ¿¬Ã¶ÇÐÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǾî
öÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ¼ÓÇß´Ù.

1766³â¿¡´Â »ýÈ°ºñ¸¦ Ãæ´çÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¿Õ¸³µµ¼­°üÀÇ »ç¼­·Î
ÃëÁ÷ÇÏ¿© 1772³â±îÁö ±Ù¹«Çϱ⵵ Çß´Ù.

±×»çÀÌ Ä­Æ®´Â ¿øÇÏ´ø´ë·Î Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å© ´ëÇÐÀÇ Ã¶Çб³¼öÁ÷¸¦
¾ò°ÔµÇ´Âµ¥, À̶§ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ±³¼öÃëÀÓ³í¹®(1770³â)Àº
Ä­Æ® ºñÆÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ½ÃÀÛÀ» ¾Ë¸®´Â Àú¼ú·Î Æò°¡µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.



10¿© ³â°£ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀû ħ¹¬±â¸¦ °ÅÄ£ ÈÄ
Ä­Æ®´Â 1780³â´ë¿¡ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ Àú¼­,

Áï ¿¡¼¼ÀÌ ¡¶°è¸ùÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?¶ó´Â ¹°À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯¡·
(Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklarung?, 1784),

¡¶À±¸® ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ Á¤ÃÊ¡·(Grundlegung zur Metaphysik
der Sitten, 1785), ¡¶ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû ±âÃÊ¡·
(Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Naturwissenschaft, 1786)¸¦
ÀÕ´Þ¾Æ ¹ßÇ¥Çϸ鼭 Á¡Á¡ ¸í¼ºÀÌ ¿Ã¶ó°¬´Ù.

±×¸®°í ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·(ÃÊÆÇ:1781³â, ÀçÆÇ:1787³â),
¡¶½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·(1788), ±×¸®°í ¡¶ÆǴܷºñÆÇ¡·(1790)¿¡¼­
±×ÀÇ ºñÆÇöÇÐÀÇ Á¤¼ö¸¦ ¼±º¸¿´´Ù.

´«ºÎ½Å Çй®Àû ¼ºÃë¿Í ´õºÒ¾î 1786~8³â¿¡´Â
Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å©´ëÇÐÀÇ ÃÑÀå¿¡ ¼±ÃâµÇ´Â ¿µ¿¹¸¦ ´©·È´Ù.



[¸»³â°ú »ç¸Á]
Ä­Æ®´Â ÇÑ ¹øµµ Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å©¸¦ ¶°³ªÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
¾Ë·ÁÁø °Íó·³ ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÎ ÀÏ»ó»ýÈ°À» ¿µÀ§Çϸ鼭
°­ÀÇ¿Í »çÀ¯¿¡ Àü³äÇß´Ù.

´Ù¸¸ 1792³â¿¡ ³í¹®ÃâÆÇ°ú °Ë¿­À» µÎ°í
ÇкΠ°ü¸®Ã³¿Í ÀÛÀº ÀÇ°ß Ãæµ¹ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀüÇØÁø´Ù.

¹®Á¦ÀÇ ³í¹®Àº ¡¶Àΰ£º»¼º¿¡ À־ÀÇ ±Ùº»¾Ç¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©¡·
(Vom radikalen Bosen in der menschlichen Natur)¶õ Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î¼­

´ç½ÃÀÇ °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ»ç»ó°ú Á¾±³¿¡ °üÇÑ Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÑ °ßÇØ°¡
´ëÇÐ °ü¸®Ã³·ÎºÎÅÍ °æ°í¸¦ ¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀüÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Æò»ý µ¶½ÅÀ¸·Î »ì¸ç Ä¿ÇÇ¿Í ´ã¹è¸¦ Áñ°å´ø Ä­Æ®´Â
1804³â 2¿ù 12ÀÏ »õº® 4½Ã, 80¼¼¸¦ Çâ³âÀ¸·Î »ýÀ» ¸¶°¨ÇÑ´Ù.

[Ã߸ð K-Pop]


±×°¡ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î "±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ÁÁ´Ù"(Es ist gut.)¶ó´Â ¸»À» ³²°å´Ù.

Çѱ¹.net


[Ä­Æ® öÇÐ]
Ä­Æ®´Â 18¼¼±â öÇп¡ ÀÖ¾î °¡Àå Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ³¢Ä£
Àι°·Î Æò°¡ ¹Þ´Â´Ù.

½ÇÁ¦·Î Ä­Æ® ÀÌÀüÀÇ Ã¶Çаú ÀÌÈÄÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀº Â÷À̸¦ º¸ÀδÙ.

ÀÌ°ÍÀº Ä­Æ®°¡ ÃÊ°¨°¢ÀûÀÎ ¼¼°è¸¦ ³íÇÏ´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇаú´Â
´Ù¸¥ 'Çй®À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ'ÀÇ Ã¼°è¸¦ ¼¼¿ì·Á°í ÇßÀ¸¸ç,

±×·¯ÇÑ Ã¼°èÀÇ ±Ù°Å°¡ µÇ´Â ÀνķÐÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿©
ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ¿Í °æÇèÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÁöÀûÇϸ鼭

Àνķп¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í µÎ »ç»óÀÇ ÇÑ°è¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³­ öÇÐÀ» ÇÏ·Á°í
½ÃµµÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

Ä­Æ®°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â 'Çй®À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ'Àº Àνķп¡ ±Ù°Å¸¦ µÎ°í
À̼ºÀÌ À̼º ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ºñÆÇÇϴ öÇÐÀÌ´Ù.



[ºñÆÇ Ã¶ÇÐ]
Ä­Æ®ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÌ ºñÆÇöÇÐÀ̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ
±×ÀÇ ¼¼ °¡Áö Àú¼­¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·, ¡¶½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·,
¡¶ÆǴܷºñÆÇ¡·¿¡¼­ ¿¬À¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

À̵é Ã¥ÀÇ Á¦¸ñ ³¡¿¡ ºÙÀÎ 'ºñÆÇ'À̶ó´Â °³³äÀº
Ä­Æ®°¡ °ú°ÅÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ºñÆÇÀû ¿¬±¸ ºÐ¼®ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î
ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,

¶ÇÇÑ Ä­Æ®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ½º½º·ÎÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ»
'ºñÆÇöÇÐ'À̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù.

Ä­Æ®°¡ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÆÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ÆîÄ¡°Ô µÈ µ¥¿¡´Â,
´ºÅÏÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬°úÇаú ·ç¼ÒÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ, ±×¸®°í Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀνĴɷ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÈâÀÇ È¸ÀǸ¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ Á¡ÀÌ Å©°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù.



¼¼ ±ÇÀÇ Àú¼­ ³»¿ëÀ» ¿ä¾àÇÑ Áú¹®°ú °¢ Ã¥ÀÌ ´Ù·é ¿µ¿ªÀº
´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·(1781³â): ³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÀ»±î?-
ÀνķÐ
¡¶½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·(1788³â): ³ª´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÇൿÇØ¾ß Çϳª?-À±¸®ÇÐ
¡¶ÆǴܷºñÆÇ¡·(1790³â): ³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ¹Ù¶ö ¼ö ÀÖ³ª?-¹ÌÇÐ

[ÀνķÐ]
17~18¼¼±â öÇÐÀº ÀνķÐÀ¸·Î Å©°Ô ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ¿Í °æÇèÁÖÀÇ·Î ³ª´µ¾ú´Ù.

¿©±â¼­ ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ´Â Àΰ£ÀÌ º»·¡ºÎÅÍ Áö´Ñ
¼±ÇèÀû À̼ºÀ» Áß½ÃÇÏ¿´°í,
°æÇèÁÖÀÇ´Â Àΰ£ÀÌ °æÇèÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Áö½ÄÀ» ¾ò´Â ±Í³³¹ýÀ» Áß½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù.



ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀº "¹é¸¶´Â Èñ´Ù"¿Í °°ÀÌ ¼ú¾î°¡ ÁÖ¾îÀÇ °³³ä¿¡
ÀÌ¹Ì Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Â ºÐ¼®ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ÇϹǷÎ,

Áö½ÄÀ» È®ÀåÇØ ³ª°¡´Â µ¥ Å©°Ô µµ¿òÀÌ µÇÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´°í,
°æÇèÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀº ±Í³³ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» °­Á¶Çϸç Á¾ÇÕÆÇ´ÜÀ» ÇÑ
³ª¸ÓÁö Áø¸®ÀÇ ÇÊ¿¬¼ºÀ» ã´Â µ¥ ÇѰ踦 µå·¯³»¾ú´Ù.

¿©±â¼­ Ä­Æ®´Â ÀÌ µÎ »ç»óÀ» ÅëÇÕÇÑ ¼±ÇèÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Áï, Áö½ÄÀÇ º¸Æí¼º°ú ÇÊ¿¬¼ºÀ» ÀÎÁ¤Çϸ鼭µµ ÀνÄÀ» È®ÀåÇÏ´Â
'¼±ÇèÀû (¼±ÃµÀû:a priori) Á¾ÇÕÆÇ´Ü' À» ±àÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

[Ãßõ Youtube µ¿¿µ»ó]


Ä­Æ®´Â ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·¿¡¼­ Àΰ£ÀÇ À̼ºÀÌ Áö´Ñ ÇѰ踦
ÁöÀûÇϸ鼭 Àΰ£ ÀνĿ¡ ¼±ÇèÀû Çü½ÄÀ» µµÀÔÇÏ´Â À̸¥¹Ù
'ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½ºÀû Àüȯ' (Kopernikanische Wendung)À» ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´´Ù.

'ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½ºÀû Àüȯ'À̶õ Àΰ£ÀÌ ´ë»óÀ» ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î
ÀνÄÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀνÄÀÌ ´ë»óÀÇ °ü³äÀ» ¸¸µé¾î
³½´Ù´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ´Ù.

½±°Ô ¸»Çϸé Àΰ£Àº ´ë»óÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ´ë·Î ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¾Æ´Â ´ë·Î ±× ´ë»óÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ Ä­Æ®¿¡°Ô Áø¸®´Â ÁÖüÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜÇü½Ä¿¡¼­
ã¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹«¾ùÀÌ´Ù.

Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ÀνķÐÀº °¨¼ºÀ» ÅëÇØ ¾òÀº °¨°¢À» ¹üÁÖ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¿©
Áö¼º(Verstand:¿À¼º)À¸·Î ÀνÄÇÏ°í,
ÃÊ°æÇèÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº À̼ºÀ¸·Î ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

°¨¼ºÀº ¾î¶² ¹°ÀÚü¸¦ Áö°¢ÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀ̸ç,
¹üÁÖ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¨°¢À» ÀνÄÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ Æ²ÀÌ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ °¨¼º°ú Áö¼ºÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ Áö°¢ ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î ¾ø¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ´Â
ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ¿ä°ÇÀÎ ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù.

¿©±â¼­ Ä­Æ®´Â Àΰ£ÀÌ »ç¹°À» ÀνÄÇÏ´Â µ¥ ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£ °ªÀÌ
ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í º»´Ù.

±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¿¬Àå°ú Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ½Ã°£ÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é
¿ì¸®´Â ÀνÄÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í º¸¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

´Ù¸¸, °¨Á¤°ú °°Àº °ÍÀº °ø°£ °ªÀº ¾øÁö¸¸
½Ã°£ °ª¸¸ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Ò´Ù.

Ä­Æ®´Â Àú¼­ ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡·¿¡¼­
ÃÊ°æÇèÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» À̼ºÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ºñÆÇÇÏ¿´´Ù.

°¡·É ½ÅÀÇ Á¸À縦 Áõ¸íÇÏ·Á´Â Á¸Àç·ÐÀû Áõ¸í µîÀ» ºñÆÇÇÏ¿©
¿©·¯ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ »ç»óµéÀ» ¹è°ÝÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

ÀÌ ¸»Àº ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀÌ °ÅÁþÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÎ½Ä ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î,
¾î¶² ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû ¸íÁ¦°¡ ÂüÀÎÁö °ÅÁþÀÎÁö´Â ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¶ÇÇÑ Ä­Æ®´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ Áö¼º(Verstand)ÀÌ »ç¹°ÀÇ Çö»óÀ»
ºÐ·ù, Á¤¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª,
±× Çö»ó ³Ê¸Ó¿¡ ¼ûÀº º»Áú¿¡´Â À̸¦ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù.

Àΰ£Àº »ç¹°ÀÇ º»ÁúÀ̳ª ½Å¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¹°ÀÚü¸¦
ÀνÄÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ Ä­Æ®¿¡ µû¸£¸é,
±âÁ¸ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ ÀνÄÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÃÊ°¨°¢ÀûÀÌ°í
ÃÊ°æÇèÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÀÇ ¹üÁÖ ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ²ø¾îµéÀÌ´Â
¿À·ù¸¦ ÀúÁö¸¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Ä­Æ®´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÌ ±×·± ¿À·ù¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª
À̼ºÀÇ ÀνÄü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çй®ÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ßÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù.

ÇÏÁö¸¸ Ä­Æ®´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀÎ ½Å,
¿µÈ¥µéÀÇ Á¸À縦 µµ´öÀ» ´Ù·ç´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼­ ´Ù½Ã ¿äûÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.



[À±¸®ÇÐ]
Ä­Æ®´Â À±¸®ÇÐÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϸ鼭,
ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ °¨Á¤À̳ª »óȲ¿¡ µû¶ó ¡®Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ³ª´Â¡¯ µµ´öÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¡®º¸ÆíÀûÀÌ°í °´°üÀû¡¯ÀÎ
µµ´öÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

¸ðµÎ°¡ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÌ°í Ÿ´çÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â µµ´öÀ» ÁöÅ°´Â °ÍÀÌ
¿Ç´Ù°í »ý°¢Ç߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ µµ´öÀ» µµ´ö¹ýÄ¢À̶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Âµ¥,
Ä­Æ®´Â Àΰ£Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¨Á¤¿¡ µû¶ó ¼±À» º£Çª´Â °ÍÀº
¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù.

¿©±â¼­ Ä­Æ®´Â Àΰ£Àº ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ Ã浿°ú µµ´öÀÌ
ÅõÀïÇÑ´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù.

Áï, ¿Ç°í ±×¸¥ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿¡¼­´Â
Ã浿°ú µµ´ö½ÉÀÌ ÅõÀïÀ» Çϸç,

µµ´öÀÌ À̱â¸é ¼±ÇÑ ÇൿÀ» ÇÏ°í
Ã浿ÀÌ À̱â¸é ±×¸¥ ÀÏÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù°í º¸¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
±×·¸´Ù°í µµ´öÀÌ Ã浿À» ¾ø¾Ö ¹ö·Á¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Ä­Æ®´Â ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¡®°á°ú¡¯º¸´Ù´Â
ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ¡®µ¿±â'¸¦ Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô »ý°¢Çß´Ù.

±×´Â ¾î¶² °á°ú¸¦ ¾ò°Å³ª ¾î¶² ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏ·Á´Â
¡®¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¸í·É¡¯ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,

¸í·É ±× ÀÚü°¡ ¸ñÀûÀΡ®¹«Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ ¸í·É'À» µµ´ö¹ýÄ¢À¸·Î
Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù.

´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏ¸é ¶§¿Í Àå¼Ò¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶óÁö´Â
Á¶°ÇÀûÀÎ °¡¾ð(Ê£åë) ¸í·ÉÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,

¾î¶°ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡¼­¶óµµ ¹«Á¶°Ç µû¶ó¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â
Àǹ«·Î¼­ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀÎ Á¤¾ð(ïÒåë) ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¼¼¿î °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Ä­Æ®¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ´©±¸³ª ¾î¶² Á¶°Ç¿¡¼­µç µû¶ó¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â
Á¤¾ð ¸í·ÉÀº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö¸¦ µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

ù° ¸í·ÉÀº,
¡°³× ÀÇÁöÀÇ ÁØÄ¢(°Ý·ü)ÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª µ¿½Ã¿¡ º¸ÆíÀû ÀÔ¹ýÀÇ
¿ø¸®°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇàÀ§Ç϶ó¡±ÀÌ´Ù.

ÀÌ ¸»Àº ½±°Ô ¸»ÇØ ´©±¸µçÁö ¾î¶² ÇൿÀ» ÇÒ ¶§´Â ½º½º·Î
»ý°¢ÇÒ ¶§ ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×¿Í °°Àº ÇൿÀ» Çصµ
±¦Âú´Ù°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â ÇൿÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù.

µÑ° ¸í·ÉÀº,
¡°³Ê ÀڽŰú ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀΰÝÀ» ¾ðÁ¦³ª µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î
´ë¿ìÇϵµ·Ï ÇàÀ§Ç϶ó¡±ÀÌ´Ù.

Ä­Æ®´Â ´ç½Ã À¯·´¿¡¼­ À¯ÇàÇÏ´ø ÀÚ¿¬·ÐÀûÀÎ Àΰ£°üÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Àΰ£ÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù°í º»

ÀÚ¿¬·ÐÀûÀÎ Àΰ£°üÀ» ºÎÁ¤Çϸ鼭,
±×´Â ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÇ ÆòµîÇÑ Á¸¾ö¼ºÀ» °­Á¶Çß´Ù.

Ä­Æ®¿¡ µû¸£¸é, Àΰ£¿¡°Ô´Â ¡®µµ´ö ¹ýÄ¢¡¯ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Àΰ£Àº Àý´ëÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ Áö´Ñ ÀΰÝü·Î¼­,
´Ù¸¥ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,

±× ¡®ÀÚü°¡ ¸ñÀû¡¯À̸ç
±×¿¡ ÇÕ´çÇÑ Á¸¾öÇÑ ´ë¿ì¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Çß´Ù.



[¿µÇâ°ú ºñÆÇ]
[¿µÇâ]
¼­¾ç »ç»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä­Æ®ÀÇ Æø³ÐÀº ¿µÇâÀº Çì¾Æ¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Â Á¤µµÀÌ´Ù.
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »ç»ó°¡¿¡°Ô ÁØ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼­,

Ä­Æ®´Â ±×°¡ »ì¾Ò´ø ½Ã´ë¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ Áö±Ý±îÁö¿¡ À̸£´Â
öÇבּ¸°¡ Ä­Æ® ÀÌÀüÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î
öÇÐÀÇ Æ² ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù.

´Þ¸® ¸»Çϸé,
±×´Â Æз¯´ÙÀÓÀÇ Àüȯ(paradigm shift)À» ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀüȯÀº °ø¸®ÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼­ Èıâ Ä­Æ®ÇÐÆÄÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡ À̸£´Â

Çõ½Å°ú ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°üµÈ ä·Î öÇаú »çȸ°úÇÐ,
Àι®ÇÐ ºÐ¾ß ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼­ À¯ÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù.

"Ä­Æ®ÀÇ "ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½ºÀû Àüȯ"Àº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Áö½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
¿¬±¸ÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡¼­ Àΰ£ ÁÖü ¶Ç´Â ¾Æ´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ»
´ã´çÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

(ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀüȯÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é) ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®¿Í ¾Æ¹« »ó°ü¾ø´Â
»ç¹° ÀÚü¿Í ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±× »ç¹°ÀÌ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­
öÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.¡±

Ä­Æ®ÀÇ »ý°¢Àº ±× ÀüºÎ ¶Ç´Â ÀϺΰ¡ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡
°¢±â ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖÀåÀ» ÆîÄ£ ÇÐÆĵ鿡°Ô¼­ µå·¯³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù.

µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä·Ð, ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇ, Çö»óÇÐ, ½ÇÁ¸ÁÖÀÇ, ºñÆÇ ÀÌ·Ð,
¾ð¾î öÇÐ, ±¸Á¶ÁÖÀÇ, Èı⠱¸Á¶ÁÖÀÇ, ÇØüÁÖÀÇ°¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù.

Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀº »çȸ°úÇаú Çൿ°úÇп¡¼­µµ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â µ¥,
¸·½º º£¹öÀÇ »çȸÇаú Àå ÇǾÆÁ¦ÀÇ ½É¸®ÇÐ,
±×¸®°í ³ë¾Ï ÃνºÅ°ÀÇ ¾ð¾îÇÐÀ» ¿¹·Î µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Ä­Æ®°¡ Æз¯´ÙÀÓÀ» öÀúÇÏ°Ô ¹Ù²Ù¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡,
Ưº°È÷ Ä­Æ®ÀÇ Àú¼­³ª Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ¿ë¾î¸¦ ¾ð±ÞÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â
ÇÐÀÚµé±îÁöµµ Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ¿µÇâ¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³¯ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

±×ÀÇ »ý¾Ö µ¿¾È¿¡, ±×ÀÇ »ç»óÀº »ó´çÇÑ ÁÖ¸ñÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.

±×´Â 1780³â´ë¿¡¼­ 1790³â´ë ±îÁö
¶óÀÎȦµå, ÇÇÈ÷Å×, ¼Ð¸µ, Çì°Ö, ³ë¹ß¸®½º¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢ÃÆ´Ù.

Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÌ°í ½ÇõÀûÀÎ ±Û¾²±â¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ÀϾ
öÇÐ ¿îµ¿Àº µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä·ÐÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ³´Ù.

¿¹¸¦ µé¾î µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä·ÐÀÚÀÎ ÇÇÈ÷Å×¿Í ½©¸µÀº,
ÀüÅëÀûÀ¸·Î "ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ"¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾú´ø

"Àý´ëÀûÀÎ °Í", "½Å", "Á¸Àç"¿Í °°Àº °³³äÀ»
Ä­Æ® ºñÆÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î ¿Å±â·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Çѱ¹.net

[ºñÆÇ]
Ä­Æ®°¡ »ì¾ÆÀÖÀ» ´ç½ÃºÎÅÍ Ä­Æ® öÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ
ºñÆÇ°ú ¹Ý¹ßÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Ä­Æ®´Â À̼ºÀÇ ´É·Â°ú Á¾±³¸¦ ¸ðµÎ ºñÆÇÇß°í,
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÆÇÀº ´ç½Ã¿¡ À̼ºÀ» ½Å·ÚÇÏ´ø öÇÐÀÚ³ª Á¾±³¸¦ ¹Ï´ø
Á¾±³Àο¡°Ô´Â ¸Å¿ì ºÒ¸¸½º·¯¿î °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

[Á¦ÀÚ°¡ ¹Ù¶óº» Ä­Æ®]
Ä­Æ®ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ ¿äÇÑ Ç츣´õ´Â ±×ÀÇ ½º½Â¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­
´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Æò°¡ÇÑ´Ù:

"»ç°í¸¦ À§ÇÑ À̸¶´Â ħÂøÇÑ À¯ÄèÇÔ°ú ±â»ÝÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¿´´Ù.
¸»¿¡´Â dzºÎÇÑ »ç»óÀÌ ³ÑÃÄÈê·¶°í ³ó´ã°ú ÀçÄ¡°¡ Àå±â¿´´Ù.

¾Ë¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â ¹«°ü½ÉÇß´Ù.

¾î¶² À½¸ð³ª Æí°ß ±×¸®°í ¸í¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿å¸Áµµ,
Áø¸®¸¦ ºû³ª°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡¼­
±×°¡ Á¶±ÝÀÌ¶óµµ ¹þ¾î³ªµµ·Ï À¯È¤ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.

±×´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ½º½º·Î »ý°¢Çϵµ·Ï
ºÎµå·´°Ô °­¿äÇß´Ù.

³»°¡ ÃÖ°íÀÇ °¨»ç¿Í Á¸°æÀ» ´ÙÇØ ºÎ¸£´Â ±×ÀÇ À̸§Àº,
À̸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®ÀÌ´Ù."



[Àú¼­]
¡¶ÀÏ¹Ý ÀÚ¿¬»ç¿Í õü·Ð¡· (Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und
Theorie des Himmels, 1755³â)
¡¶¹Ì¿Í ¼þ°íÀÇ °¨Á¤¿¡ °üÇÑ °íÂû¡·
(Beobachtungen uber das Gefuhl des Schonen und Erhabenen, 1764³â)
¡¶¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ¼þ°íÇÔÀÇ °¨Á¤¿¡ °üÇÑ °íÂû¡·, ÀÌÀçÁØ ¿Å±è,
Ã¥¼¼»ó, 2005³â
¡¶°¡°¨°è¿Í °¡»ó°èÀÇ Çü½Ä°ú ¿ø¸®¡·
(De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis
forma et principiis, 1770³â)

¡¶°¨¼º°è¿Í Áö¼º°èÀÇ Çü½Ä°ú ¿ø¸®µé¡·, ÃÖ¼ÒÀÎ ¿Å±è,
ÀÌÁ¦À̺Ͻº, 2007³â

¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡· (Kritik der reinen Vernunft,
1ÆÇ, 1781³â: 2ÆÇ, 1787)
ÃÖÀçÈñ ¿Å±è, ¹Ú¿µ»ç, 2009³â(°³Á¤ÆÇ)
¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è(Àü2±Ç), ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2006³â

¡¶¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼­¼³¡·
(Prolegomena zu einer jeden
kunftigen Metaphysik, die als
Wissenschaft wird auftreten
konnen, 1783³â)

¡¶ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ ¼­¼³¡·, ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2012³â

¡¶°è¸ùÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?¶ó´Â ¹°À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯¡·
(Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklarung?, 1784³â)

¡¶¼¼°è½Ã¹ÎÀû °ßÁö¿¡¼­ º» º¸Æí»çÀÇ À̳䡷
(Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltburgerlicher
Absicht, 1784³â)

¡¶¼¼°è½Ã¹ÎÀû °ßÁö¿¡¼­ º» º¸Æí»çÀÇ À̳䡷, À̼®À± ¿Å±è

¡¶À±¸® ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ Á¤ÃÊ¡· (Grundlegung zur
Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785³â)

¡¶À±¸®ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ Á¤ÃÊ¡·, ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2005³â

¡¶µµ´ö ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âÃÊ ³õ±â¡·, ÀÌ¿øºÀ ¿Å±è, Ã¥¼¼»ó, 2002³â

¡¶ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû ±âÃÊ¡· (Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der
Naturwissenschaft, 1786³â)

¡¶½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡· (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788³â)
¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2002³â
ÃÖÀçÈñ ¿Å±è, ¹Ú¿µ»ç, 2011³â

¡¶ÆǴܷºñÆÇ¡· (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790³â)
À̼®À± ¿Å±è, ¹Ú¿µ»ç, 2005³â
¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2009³â

¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ºÀÇ ÇÑ°è ³»ÀÇ Á¾±³¡·
(Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der
blo©¬en Vernunft, 1793³â)
¡¶À̼ºÀÇ ÇÑ°è ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ Á¾±³¡·, ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å
±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2011³â

¡¶¿µ¿øÇÑ ÆòÈ­¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿©¡· (Zum ewigen
Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf, 1795³â)
ÀÌÇѱ¸ ¿Å±è, ¼­±¤»ç

¡¶À±¸® ÇüÀÌ»óÇС· (Die Metaphysik der Sitten, 1797³â)

[Ä­Æ® ÀüÁý]
µ¶ÀÏ ¿Õ¸³Çмú¿ø¿¡¼­ °£ÇàÇÑ ÀüÁý
(Kant gesammelte Schriften, ÆíÁý
Konigliche-Preu©¬ische Akademie
der Wissenschaften, 1910ff., Berlin).
ÈçÈ÷ "Çмú¿øÆÇ"À¸·Î ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÌ ÀüÁýÀº Ä­Æ®
Àú¼ú ÀοëÀÇ Ç¥ÁØÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÁÖ¾îįÇÁ ÃâÆǻ翡¼­ °£ÇàÇÑ ºÁÀ̼ε¨ ÆíÁý
(Kants Werke, W. Weischedel (Hrsg.), Suhrkampff)

Çѱ¹.net


--------------------------

[ê GPT ´äº¯¿¡ ¿À·ù(hallucination: ȯ°¢ µî)°¡ ÀÖÀ¸´Ï,
´Ü¼ø Àç¹Ì·Î¸¸ ÂüÁ¶¹Ù¶÷: 3Ùí ½Å·Ú¼º ¾øÀ½, Á¤È®¼º ¾øÀ½, ÀÏ°ü¼º ¾øÀ½]
(from https://chat.openai.com/chat)

ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®(Immanuel Kant, öÇÐÀÚ, Prussian-Germany)°¡
Á¦ÀÏ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°Àº?


ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®°¡ °¡Àå ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°Àº
±×ÀÇ Ã¶Çп¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£ ½ºÄÚƲ·£µåÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ
µ¥À̺ñµå ÈÞ¹Ì(David Hume)ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

Ä­Æ®´Â ÈÞ¹ÌÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À» Àаí Å« ¿µ°¨À» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
±×ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥¿¡ ¸¹Àº ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.

ƯÈ÷, Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä Àú¼­ Áß ÇϳªÀÎ
"¼ø¼ö À̼º ºñÆÇ"("Critique of Pure Reason")¿¡¼­´Â
ÈÞ¹ÌÀÇ Àǹ®ÁÖÀÇÀû °üÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇ°ú ´ëÀÀÀ» ½ÃµµÇÏ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®(Immanuel Kant, öÇÐÀÚ, Prussian-Germany)°¡
ÁÁ¾ÆÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ Çѱ¹ÀÇ Æ®·ÎÆ®³ª ¹ß¶óµå ³ë·¡ Á¦¸ñÀº ¹«¾ùÀϱî?


ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®ÀÇ Ã¶Çаú Çѱ¹ÀÇ Æ®·ÎÆ®³ª
¹ß¶óµå ³ë·¡ÀÇ °ü·ÃÀº ¾ø¾î º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

±×·¯³ª ¸¸¾à Ä­Æ®°¡ Çѱ¹ÀÇ Æ®·ÎÆ®³ª ¹ß¶óµå ³ë·¡¸¦
Áñ±æ ¸¸ÇÑ °îÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù¸é,
±×ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é°ú ¾î¿ï¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¦¸ñ Áß Çϳª´Â
"¹«ÇÑÇÑ »ç¶û"ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

[Infinite Love (¹«ÇÑÇÑ »ç¶û)]


Ä­Æ®ÀÇ Ã¶Çп¡¼­´Â µµ´öÀû Àǹ«¿Í °¨Á¤ÀûÀÎ µµ´öÀû ÇàÀ§ »çÀÌ¿¡
¹«ÇÑÇÑ »ç¶û°ú °ü·ÃµÈ °³³äµéÀÌ µîÀåÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®(Immanuel Kant, öÇÐÀÚ, Prussian-Germany)°¡
°æÇèÇÑ Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â ÀÏÈ­(episode)´Â?


ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®´Â ±×ÀÇ »î µ¿¾È ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÌ°í Á¶¿ëÇÑ »îÀ» »ì¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
¸¹Àº À̾߱⳪ ¿¡ÇǼҵ尡 ³²°ÜÁöÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.

±×·¯³ª Ä­Æ®°¡ Æò¼Ò¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÎ »ýÈ°À» Çß°í,
½Ã°è¸¦ º¸¸ç Á¤È®ÇÑ ½Ã°£¿¡ »êÃ¥À» Çϰųª °­ÀǸ¦ µéÀ¸·¯
´Ù´Ï´Â µîÀÇ ½À°üÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

Ä­Æ®´Â ƯÈ÷ ±×ÀÇ Áö½Ä°ú öÇÐÀû »ç»ö¿¡ ÁýÁßÇϱâ À§ÇØ
´Ü¼øÇÑ »îÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇßÀ¸¸ç,

±×¿¡°Ô´Â "Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â" ÀÏÈ­¶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â öÀúÇÏ°í ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÎ »ýÈ°ÀÌ
Áß¿äÇßÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢µË´Ï´Ù.

ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®(Immanuel Kant, öÇÐÀÚ, Prussian-Germany)´Â
¾ó¸¶³ª ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷Àϱî?


ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®´Â ¾ç½ÉÀÇ Á߿伺°ú µµ´öÀû Àǹ«¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
°³³äÀ» °­Á¶ÇÑ Ã¶Çа¡·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

±×´Â "¼ø¼ö À̼º ºñÆÇ"("Critique of Pure Reason")°ú
"¼ø¼ö ½Çõ À̼º ºñÆÇ"("Critique of Practical Reason") µîÀÇ
ÁÖ¿ä Àú¼­¸¦ ÅëÇØ Àΰ£ÀÇ µµ´öÀû Àǹ«¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±íÀÌ °íÂûÇß½À´Ï´Ù.

Ä­Æ®ÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ µµ´ö ÀÌ·ÐÀÎ "Ä­Æ®ÀÇ Àǹ«·Ð"Àº
¾ç½É°ú õ¼ºÀûÀÎ µµ´ö ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³äÀ» Áß½ÃÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

±×´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ µµ´öÀû ÇൿÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ
º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ç½É¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ µµ´ö ¹ýÄ¢À̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß½À´Ï´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ Ä­Æ®´Â ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÌ°í µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ
Àΰ£¿¡°Ô °¡Àå ³ôÀº °¡Ä¡¸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù.

±×·¯³ª °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î Ä­Æ®°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¾ç½ÉÀûÀ̾ú´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ »ç·Ê´Â Á¤È®È÷ ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù.

ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀº ¾ç½É°ú µµ´öÀû Àǹ«¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á߿伺À»
°­Á¶ÇÏ´Â ¹ÙÅÁ À§¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
À̸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ »ýÈ°°ú ÇൿÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®(Immanuel Kant, öÇÐÀÚ, Prussian-Germany)ÀÇ
¾ç½É(Conscience) µî±Þ(Grade)À»
A(¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼ö), B(¿ì¼ö), C(º¸Åë), D(³·À½) ·Î Grading ÇÑ´Ù¸é,
ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®(Immanuel Kant, öÇÐÀÚ, Prussian-Germany)ÀÇ
¾ç½Éµî±Þ(Conscience Grade)Àº?


ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ Ä­Æ®ÀÇ Ã¶Çп¡ µû¸£¸é,
¾ç½ÉÀº °³ÀÎÀÌ µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÇൿÀ» ÃëÇÒ ¶§
±× ÇൿÀÇ µ¿±â¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.

Ä­Æ®´Â ¾ç½ÉÀ» Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô ¿©±â¸ç,
¾ç½ÉÀÌ µµ´öÀû ÇൿÀ» À̲ø¾î³»´Â µ¥¿¡ ÀÖ¾î
¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß½À´Ï´Ù.

±×·¯³ª Ä­Æ®´Â ¾ç½ÉÀ» ±× ÀÚü·Î µî±ÞÀ» ¸Å±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
°´Ã¼·Î º¼ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¹æÇ⼺°ú Çൿ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµ´öÀû ¿øÄ¢À» µû¸£´Â
Á¤µµ¿¡ µû¶ó µî±ÞÀ» ¸Å±æ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.

ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó, Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ¾ç½É µî±ÞÀº "A(¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼ö)"¿¡
°¡±õ´Ù°í º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.

±×´Â Àΰ£ÀÌ µµ´öÀû Àǹ«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇÒ ¶§ ¾ç½ÉÀ» µû¸£°í,
À̸¦ ÅëÇØ º¸´Ù ¼ø¼öÇÏ°í ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ÇൿÀ» ÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.

============================

Immanuel Kant

[Born] 22 April 1724
Konigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad,
Russia)

[Died] 12 February 1804 (aged 79)
Konigsberg, Prussia

[Residence]
Konigsberg, Prussia

[Nationality] Prussian

[Alma mater]
University of Konigsberg
(PhD, 1755; Dr. habil., 1770)

[Era] 18th-century philosophy

[Region] Western philosophy

[School] Kantianism
Enlightenment philosophy

[Main interests]
Epistemology, Metaphysics,
Ethics, Cosmogony

[Notable ideas]
Categorical imperative
Transcendental idealism
Synthetic a priori
Noumenon Sapere aude
Nebular hypothesis

[Recommended Youtube Video]


Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 ~ 12
February 1804) was a German philosopher
who is considered the central figure of
modern philosophy. Kant argued that
fundamental concepts of the human mind
structure human experience, that reason
is the source of morality, that
aesthetics arises from a faculty of
disinterested judgment, that space and
time are forms of our understanding,
and that the world as it is "in-itself"
is unknowable. Kant took himself to
have effected a Copernican revolution
in philosophy, akin to Copernicus'
reversal of the age-old belief that the
sun revolved around the earth.

His beliefs continue to have a major
influence on contemporary philosophy,
especially the fields of metaphysics,
epistemology, ethics, political theory,
and aesthetics.

Çѱ¹.net

Kant in his critical phase sought
to 'reverse' the orientation of pre-
critical philosophy by showing how the
traditional problems of metaphysics can
be overcome by supposing that the
agreement between reality and the
concepts we use to conceive it arises
not because our mental concepts have
come to passively mirror reality, but
because reality must conform to the
human mind's active concepts to be
conceivable and at all possible for us
to experience.

Kant thus regarded the basic categories of
the human mind as
the transcendental "condition of
possibility" for any experience.

Politically, Kant was one of the
earliest exponents of the idea that
perpetual peace could be secured
through universal democracy and
international cooperation. He believed
that this eventually will be the
outcome of universal history, although
it is not rationally planned.

The exact nature of Kant's religious ideas
continue to be the subject of
especially heated philosophical
dispute, with viewpoints ranging from
the idea that Kant was an early and
radical exponent of atheism who finally
exploded the ontological argument for
God's existence, to more critical
treatments epitomized by Nietzsche who
claimed that Kant had "theologian
blood" and that Kant was merely a
sophisticated apologist for traditional
Christian religious belief, writing
that "Kant wanted to prove, in a way
that would dumbfound the common man,
that the common man was right: that was
the secret joke of this soul."

In Kant's major work, the Critique of
Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen
Vernunft, 1781), he attempted to
explain the relationship between reason
and human experience and to move beyond
the failures of traditional philosophy
and metaphysics. Kant wanted to put an
end to an era of futile and speculative
theories of human experience, while
resisting the skepticism of thinkers
such as David Hume.

Kant regarded himself as ending and showing the way
beyond the impasse which modern
philosophy had led to between
rationalists and empiricists, and is
widely held to have synthesized these
two early modern traditions in his thought.

Kant argued that our experiences are
structured by necessary features of our
minds. In his view, the mind shapes and
structures experience so that, on an
abstract level, all human experience
shares certain essential structural
features. Among other things, Kant
believed that the concepts of space and
time are integral to all human
experience, as are our concepts of
cause and effect.

One important consequence of this view is that our
experience of things is always of the
phenomenal world as conveyed by our
senses: we do not have direct access to
things in themselves, the so-called
noumenal world. Kant published other
important works on ethics, religion,
law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history.

These included the Critique of
Practical Reason (Kritik der
praktischen Vernunft, 1788), the
Metaphysics of Morals (Die Metaphysik
der Sitten, 1797), which dealt with
ethics, and the Critique of Judgment
(Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790), which
looks at aesthetics and teleology.

Kant aimed to resolve disputes between
empirical and rationalist approaches.
The former asserted that all knowledge
comes through experience; the latter
maintained that reason and innate ideas
were prior. Kant argued that experience
is purely subjective without first
being processed by pure reason.

He also said that using reason without applying
it to experience only leads to
theoretical illusions. The free and
proper exercise of reason by the
individual was a theme both of the Age
of Enlightenment, and of Kant's
approaches to the various problems of philosophy.

His ideas influenced many thinkers in
Germany during his lifetime,
and he moved philosophy
beyond the debate between the
rationalists and empiricists.

(from ³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú naver.com wikipedia.org,
Ãßõ À¯Æ©ºê µ¿¿µ»ó,
** Selected & Recommended Youtube Videos are shown. **)


Basis, Between, By, Brain, influence(+) ~
(PIG: time-variant)

Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): B+


¤¡ ¤¤ ¤§ ¤© ¤± ¤² ¤µ ¤· ¤¸ ¤º ¤» ¤¼ ¤½ ¤¾ ¤¢ ¤¨ ¤³ ¤¶ ¤¹
¤¿ ¤Á ¤Ã ¤Å ¤Ç ¤Ë ¤Ì ¤Ð ¤Ñ ¤Ó ¤À ¤Ä
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z  0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
±è ÀÌ ¹Ú ÃÖ Á¤ °¡ °£ °¨ °­ °æ °è °í °ø °û ±¸ ±¹ ±Ç ±Ý ±â ±æ ³ª ³² ³ë µµ µ¿
µÎ ·ù ¸¶ ¸Í ¸í ¹® ¸ð ¸ñ ¹Î ¹Ý ¹æ ¹è ¹é º¯ º¹ ºÀ ºÎ »ç ¼­ ¼® ¼± ¼³ ¼º ¼Ò ¼Õ
¼Û ½Å ½É ¾È ¾ç ¾î ¾ö ¿© ¿¬ ¿° ¿¹ ¿À ¿Á ¿Â ¿Õ ¿ë ¿ì À§ À¯ À° À± Àº À½ ÀÎ ÀÓ
Àå Àü Á¦ Á¶ ÁÖ Áö Áø Â÷ ä õ Ãß Å¹ Å Æí Ç¥ ÇÇ ÇÏ ÇÑ ÇÔ Çã Çö Çü È£ È« Ȳ

Social Name Portal ÇÑ±Û ¼¼°èÀ̸§ Æ÷ÅÐ: Çѱ¹.net   Wopen.net   yungbkim@nate.com
Selected/Recommended Youtube Videos/Images are shown.
Joint R&D: If you (major Portal) are interested in
the new Worldwide Phonetic Service using Korean Alphabet Domains
(¤¡.com .. ¤¾.com ¤¿.com .. ¤Ä.com ±è.net ÀÌ.net ¹Ú.net ..), Please let us know.
shared by link
À¥ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö(Çѱ¹.net »ç·Ê±â¹Ý) & º¥Ã³Ã¢¾÷ ƯÇã RFP Ç¥ÁØ(°­ÀÇ¿ë PDFÆÄÀÏ Á¦°ø)-±è¿µº¹ Àú
À¥ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö(Çѱ¹.net »ç·Ê±â¹Ý)&º¥Ã³Ã¢¾÷ ƯÇã RFP Ç¥ÁØ(°­ÀÇ¿ë PDFÆÄÀÏ Á¦°ø),·Ñ¸ðµ¨100¸í-±è¿µº¹ Àú
À¥ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö(Çѱ¹.net »ç·Ê±â¹Ý)&º¥Ã³Ã¢¾÷ ƯÇã RFP Ç¥ÁØ(°­ÀÇ¿ë PDFÆÄÀÏ Á¦°ø),·Ñ¸ðµ¨100¸í-±è¿µº¹ Àú
º¥Ã³Ã¢¾÷ ƯÇã RFP Ç¥ÁØ(°­ÀÇ¿ë PDFÆÄÀÏ Á¦°ø)- ±è¿µº¹ Àú
À¥ÇÁ·Î±×·¡¹Ö (Çѱ¹.net »ç·Ê±â¹Ý) - ±è¿µº¹ Àú, ½Ç½À »çÀÌÆ®: w3schools.com
Role Model 100¸í from Çѱ¹.net
Çѱ¹.net
Name Portal