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ÄÆ®-Immanuel Kant,öÇÐÀÚ,Prussian-Germany | ||
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ÀÌ´Â ÈÄ¿¡ 'ÄÆ®-¶óÇöó½ºÀÇ ¼º¿î¼³(àøê£àã)'·Î ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÌ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ·ç¼Ò´Â ÄÆ®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¸¾ö¼º¿¡ ´«À» ¶ß°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ±× ¿µÇâÀ¸·Î ÄÆ®´Â ·ç¼Ò¿Í ´ºÅÏÀÇ »ç»óÀ» ±âÃÊ·Î ÇÑ ºñÆÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ź»ý½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â 1781³â¿¡ Ãâ°£ÇÑ ºñÆÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ Ã¹ ¹ø° Àú¼ <¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ>¿¡¼ ½Å(ãê)Áß½ÉÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» ¶ì´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ ¸ðµç °³³äÀÌ Àΰ£ Áß½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÏ¸é¼ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¼º¸³ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹àÇû´Ù. ±×ÀÇ µÎ ¹ø° ºñÆǼÀÎ 1788³âÀÇ <½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ>¿¡¼´Â Á» ´õ ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿© Á¾±³¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁ¿¡ µÐ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ²Àû µµ´öÀ» ³íÇÏ¿´°í, ¼¼ ¹ø° ºñÆǼÀÎ 1790³âÀÇ <ÆǴܷºñÆÇ>¿¡¼´Â ¸ñÀû·ÐÀû ÀνÄÀÇ ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¹àÈ÷°í »õ·Î¿î Àΰ£ÇÐÀû öÇÐÀ» ¸¶¹«¸® Áþ°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÄÆ®ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀº Èʳ¯ µîÀåÇÑ µ¶ÀÏ ½Å(ãæ)ÄÆ®ÇÐÆÄ ¿Ü¿¡µµ ¼ö¸¹Àº öÇÐÀû Á¶·ù¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. [»ý¾Ö È°µ¿ ¹× ¾÷Àû µî] À̸¶´©¿¤ ÄÆ® (Immanuel Kant, 1724³â 4¿ù 22ÀÏ ~ 1804³â 2¿ù 12ÀÏ)´Â ±Ù´ë°è¸ùÁÖÀǸ¦ Á¤Á¡¿¡ ¿Ã·Á³õ¾Ò°í µ¶ÀÏ °ü³äöÇÐÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ ³õÀº ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â 21¼¼±âÀÇ Ã¶Çп¡ ±îÁö ¿µÇâÀ» ÁØ »õ·Ó°íµµ Æø ³ÐÀº öÇÐÀû °üÁ¡À» âÁ¶Çß´Ù. ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀνķÐÀ» ´Ù·é Áß¿äÇÑ Àú¼¸¦ Ãâ°£Çß°í, Á¾±³¿Í ¹ý, ¿ª»ç¿¡ °üÇؼµµ Áß¿äÇÑ Ã¥À» ½è´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Å¹¿ùÇÑ Àú¼ Áß ÇϳªÀÎ ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼º ºñÆÇ¡·Àº À̼º ±× ÀÚü°¡ Áö´Ñ ±¸Á¶¿Í ÇѰ踦 ¿¬±¸ÇÑ Ã¥ÀÌ´Ù. [ÄÆ®ÀÇ ¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ] ÀÌ Ã¥¿¡¼ ÄÆ®´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÇüÀÌ»óÇаú ÀνķÐÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÄÆ® ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ±× ºÐ¾ß¿¡ °øÇåÇÑ Á¡À» ºÎ°¢½ÃÅ°°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°¡ ¸¸³â¿¡ Ãâ°£ÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖ¿ä Àú¼¿¡´Â À±¸®ÇÐÀ» ÁýÁßÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù·é¡¶½ÇõÀ̼º ºñÆÇ¡·°ú ¹ÌÇÐ, ¸ñÀû·Ð µîÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÑ ¡¶ÆÇ´Ü·Â ºñÆÇ¡·ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â Á¾·¡ÀÇ °æÇè·Ð ¹× µ¶´Ü·ÐÀ» ±Øº¹Çϵµ·Ï ºñÆÇöÇÐ(Ýë÷÷ôÉùÊ)À» ¼ö¸³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀνÄ(ìããÛ) ¹× ½Çõ(ãùôÂ)ÀÇ °´°üÀû ±âÁØÀ» ¼±ÇèÀû(à»úÐîÜ) Çü½Ä¿¡¼ ã°í, »çÀ¯(ÞÖêî)°¡ Á¸Àç(ðíî¤)¸¦, ¹æ¹ý(Û°Ûö)ÀÌ ´ë»ó(ÓßßÚ)À» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. µµ´öÀÇ ±Ù°Å¸¦ ÀΰúÀ²ÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¼±ÇèÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ ã°í, ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÚÀ²ÀûÀÌ°í ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î µµ´öÀû ÀΰÝÀÇ ÀÚ±â ÀÔ¹ýÀ» µµ´ö·ü·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â µµ´öÀû ÀΰÝÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î Çϸ鼵µ ÀÚÀÇÀû(í°ëòîÜ)ÀÎ 'ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇ¿å°ú ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇ¿åÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ º¸Æí¿øÄ¢¿¡ µû¶ó ÇÕÄ¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ Á¶°Ç'À» ¹ýÀ̶ó »ý°¢ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÄÆ®¿¡°Ô ³»Àû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ½ÇÇö ¼ö´ÜÀÎ ¹ýÀº ¿ÜÀû ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÏ´Â °Á¦¸¦ º»Áú·Î ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ µµ´ö°ú ¾ö°ÝÈ÷ ±¸º°µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇؼ °è¾à¼³ÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ» ÃëÇߴµ¥, ±×´Â ±¹°¡°è¾àÀ» ¿ª»çÀû »ç½Ç°°ÀÌ Ãë±ÞÇÑ °è¸ù±âÀÇ »ç»óÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄѼ ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ±¹¹ÎÁÖ±ÇÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀû ¿äûÀ¸·Î ÆľÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÄÆ®´Â ±¹°¡ °£ÀÇ ÀüÀïÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â, ¿µ±¸(çµÎù) Æòȸ¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ½ÇÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áö¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Ã¥À» ½è´Ù. ±×´Â ÀüÀïÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ »ý±ä ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³ µÚ¿¡ Á¶Á¤ÇÏ¿© ÇؼÒÇÏ´Â Á¦µµ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß°í, ±× Á¦µµÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ±¹Á¦¹ýÀÇ °³³ä¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ ±¹Á¦ ¿¬¸ÍÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í Á¦¾ÈÇÏ¿´´Ù. [Ãâ»ý°ú ¼ºÀå] 1724³â ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾ÀÇ »ó¾÷µµ½Ã Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å© (ÇöÀç ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ Ä®¸®´Ñ±×¶óµå)¿¡¼ ¼ö°ø¾÷ÀÚÀÎ ¾Æ¹öÁö ¿äÇÑ °Ô¿À¸£Å© ÄÆ®(Johann Georg Kant)¿Í ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¾È³ª ·¹±â³ª(Anna Regina) »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ž´Ù. ±×´Â 11¸íÀÇ ÀÚ³à Áß ³Ý°·Î ž´Ù (11¸íÀÇ ÀÚ³à Áß ¾î¸¥ µÉ ¶§±îÁö »ì¾Æ³²Àº »ç¶÷Àº 5¸í»ÓÀ̾ú´Ù). '¿¡¸¶´©¿¤'(Emanuel)À̶õ À̸§À¸·Î ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, È÷ºê¸®¾î¸¦ °øºÎÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡ ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̸§À» 'À̸¶´©¿¤"(Immanuel:ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿Í ÇÔ²² °è½Ã´Ù)·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â »îÀ» ÅëƲ¾î¼ Äê´ÏÈ÷½ºº£¸£Å©·ÎºÎÅÍ 100¸¶ÀÏ º¸´Ù ´õ ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø °÷À¸·Î ¿©ÇàÇÑ ÀûÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾ø´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÎ ¿äÇÑ °Ô¿À¸£Å© ÄÆ®(Johann Georg Kant) (1682~1746)´Â, ´ç½Ã ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾¿¡¼ °¡Àå ºÏÂÊ¿¡ À§Ä¡ÇÑ µµ½ÃÀÎ ¸Þ¸á·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÁÖÇÑ µ¶ÀÏÀÎ ¸¶±¸(Ø©Îý) Á¦ÀÛÀÚÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÎ ´À ·¹±â³ª µµ·Î½Ã¾Æ ·ùÅÍ (nee Regina Dorothea Reuter) (1697~1737)´Â, ´µ¸¥º£¸£Å©¿¡¼ ž´Ù. 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[Àú¼] ¡¶ÀÏ¹Ý ÀÚ¿¬»ç¿Í õü·Ð¡· (Allgemeine Naturgeschichte und Theorie des Himmels, 1755³â) ¡¶¹Ì¿Í ¼þ°íÀÇ °¨Á¤¿¡ °üÇÑ °íÂû¡· (Beobachtungen uber das Gefuhl des Schonen und Erhabenen, 1764³â) ¡¶¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ¼þ°íÇÔÀÇ °¨Á¤¿¡ °üÇÑ °íÂû¡·, ÀÌÀçÁØ ¿Å±è, Ã¥¼¼»ó, 2005³â ¡¶°¡°¨°è¿Í °¡»ó°èÀÇ Çü½Ä°ú ¿ø¸®¡· (De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma et principiis, 1770³â) ¡¶°¨¼º°è¿Í Áö¼º°èÀÇ Çü½Ä°ú ¿ø¸®µé¡·, ÃÖ¼ÒÀÎ ¿Å±è, ÀÌÁ¦À̺Ͻº, 2007³â ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡· (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1ÆÇ, 1781³â: 2ÆÇ, 1787) ÃÖÀçÈñ ¿Å±è, ¹Ú¿µ»ç, 2009³â(°³Á¤ÆÇ) ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è(Àü2±Ç), ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2006³â ¡¶¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼¼³¡· (Prolegomena zu einer jeden kunftigen Metaphysik, die als Wissenschaft wird auftreten konnen, 1783³â) ¡¶ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ ¼¼³¡·, ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2012³â ¡¶°è¸ùÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?¶ó´Â ¹°À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äº¯¡· (Beantwortung der Frage: Was ist Aufklarung?, 1784³â) ¡¶¼¼°è½Ã¹ÎÀû °ßÁö¿¡¼ º» º¸Æí»çÀÇ À̳䡷 (Idee zu einer allgemeinen Geschichte in weltburgerlicher Absicht, 1784³â) ¡¶¼¼°è½Ã¹ÎÀû °ßÁö¿¡¼ º» º¸Æí»çÀÇ À̳䡷, À̼®À± ¿Å±è ¡¶À±¸® ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ Á¤ÃÊ¡· (Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten, 1785³â) ¡¶À±¸®ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐ Á¤ÃÊ¡·, ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2005³â ¡¶µµ´ö ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âÃÊ ³õ±â¡·, ÀÌ¿øºÀ ¿Å±è, Ã¥¼¼»ó, 2002³â ¡¶ÀÚ¿¬°úÇÐÀÇ ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû ±âÃÊ¡· (Metaphysische Anfangsgrunde der Naturwissenschaft, 1786³â) ¡¶½ÇõÀ̼ººñÆÇ¡· (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788³â) ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2002³â ÃÖÀçÈñ ¿Å±è, ¹Ú¿µ»ç, 2011³â ¡¶ÆǴܷºñÆÇ¡· (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790³â) À̼®À± ¿Å±è, ¹Ú¿µ»ç, 2005³â ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2009³â ¡¶¼ø¼öÀ̼ºÀÇ ÇÑ°è ³»ÀÇ Á¾±³¡· (Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der blo©¬en Vernunft, 1793³â) ¡¶À̼ºÀÇ ÇÑ°è ¾È¿¡¼ÀÇ Á¾±³¡·, ¹éÁ¾Çö ¿Å ±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2011³â ¡¶¿µ¿øÇÑ Æòȸ¦ À§ÇÏ¿©¡· (Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf, 1795³â) ÀÌÇѱ¸ ¿Å±è, ¼±¤»ç ¡¶À±¸® ÇüÀÌ»óÇС· (Die Metaphysik der Sitten, 1797³â) [ÄÆ® ÀüÁý] µ¶ÀÏ ¿Õ¸³Çмú¿ø¿¡¼ °£ÇàÇÑ ÀüÁý (Kant gesammelte Schriften, ÆíÁý Konigliche-Preu©¬ische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1910ff., Berlin). ÈçÈ÷ "Çмú¿øÆÇ"À¸·Î ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÌ ÀüÁýÀº ÄÆ® Àú¼ú ÀοëÀÇ Ç¥ÁØÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÁÖ¾îįÇÁ ÃâÆǻ翡¼ °£ÇàÇÑ ºÁÀ̼ε¨ ÆíÁý (Kants Werke, W. Weischedel (Hrsg.), Suhrkampff) -------------------------- [ê GPT ´äº¯¿¡ ¿À·ù(hallucination: ȯ°¢ µî)°¡ ÀÖÀ¸´Ï, ´Ü¼ø Àç¹Ì·Î¸¸ ÂüÁ¶¹Ù¶÷: 3Ùí ½Å·Ú¼º ¾øÀ½, Á¤È®¼º ¾øÀ½, ÀÏ°ü¼º ¾øÀ½] (from https://chat.openai.com/chat) ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ ÄÆ®(Immanuel Kant, öÇÐÀÚ, Prussian-Germany)°¡ Á¦ÀÏ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°Àº? ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ ÄÆ®°¡ °¡Àå ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°Àº ±×ÀÇ Ã¶Çп¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£ ½ºÄÚƲ·£µåÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ µ¥À̺ñµå ÈÞ¹Ì(David Hume)ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÄÆ®´Â ÈÞ¹ÌÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À» Àаí Å« ¿µ°¨À» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥¿¡ ¸¹Àº ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. 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[ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ] [¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ÀǽÄÁöµµ ¼öÄ¡ Æò°¡´Â ´Ü¼ø Àç¹Ì·Î¸¸ ÂüÁ¶ ¹Ù¶÷] (from https://gemini.google.com) Á¤½Å°ú ÀÇ»ç µ¥À̺ñµå ȣŲ½ºÀÇ 'ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ Map of Consciousness' ¿¡¼ 1¿¡¼ 1000±îÁö ¼öÄ¡·Î Æò°¡ÇßÀ»¶§, öÇÐÀÚ ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ ÄÆ®(1724³â 4¿ù 22ÀÏ~1804³â 2¿ù 12ÀÏ, Immanuel Kant, öÇÐÀÚ, Prussian-Germany)ÀÇ ÀǽÄÁöµµ ¼öÄ¡°ªÀº ? µ¥À̺ñµå ȣŲ½ºÀÇ 'ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ'¿¡¼ öÇÐÀÚ ÀÓ¸¶´©¿¤ ÄÆ®ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ ¼öÄ¡´Â °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¸í½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ȣŲ½º´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØÀ» 1¿¡¼ 1000±îÁö ¼öÄ¡·Î Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â 'ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ'¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇßÁö¸¸, ¸ðµç ¿ª»çÀû Àι°À» Á÷Á¢ Æò°¡ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ÄÆ®ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ ¼öÄ¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¿¬±¸ÀÚµé ¶Ç´Â È£Å²½ºÀÇ Áöħ¿¡ µû¶ó ÃßÁ¤µÈ °ªÀÏ »ÓÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ãâó¿¡¼ Á¦½ÃµÈ ÄÆ®ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ ¼öÄ¡´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù. °Ô¸® ÁîÅ©·¹ÇÁ(Gary Zukav): 575 ¸¶ÀÌŬ Talbot: 625 µ¥À̺ñµå ¿¤Å²½º(David Hawkins): 640 ¸®Ã³µå ¹ÙÄ¡(Richard Bach): 750 ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼öÄ¡´Â ÄÆ®ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀû »ç»ó, Àú¼ú, Çൿ µîÀ» ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÈ °ªÀ̸ç, Á¤È®ÇÑ ±Ù°Å´Â Á¦½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ÁÖÀÇ: 'ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ'´Â °úÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î °ËÁõµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº °³³äÀ̸ç, °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´Â Á¤È®ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁöÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ÄÆ®ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ ¼öÄ¡´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ãâó¿¡¼ Á¦½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Á¤È®ÇÑ ±Ù°Å´Â Á¦½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. [ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ] ============================ Immanuel Kant [Born] 22 April 1724 Konigsberg, Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) [Died] 12 February 1804 (aged 79) Konigsberg, Prussia [Residence] Konigsberg, Prussia [Nationality] Prussian [Alma mater] University of Konigsberg (PhD, 1755; Dr. habil., 1770) [Era] 18th-century philosophy [Region] Western philosophy [School] Kantianism Enlightenment philosophy [Main interests] Epistemology, Metaphysics, Ethics, Cosmogony [Notable ideas] Categorical imperative Transcendental idealism Synthetic a priori Noumenon Sapere aude Nebular hypothesis [Recommended Youtube Video] Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 ~ 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher who is considered the central figure of modern philosophy. Kant argued that fundamental concepts of the human mind structure human experience, that reason is the source of morality, that aesthetics arises from a faculty of disinterested judgment, that space and time are forms of our understanding, and that the world as it is "in-itself" is unknowable. Kant took himself to have effected a Copernican revolution in philosophy, akin to Copernicus' reversal of the age-old belief that the sun revolved around the earth. His beliefs continue to have a major influence on contemporary philosophy, especially the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, political theory, and aesthetics. Kant in his critical phase sought to 'reverse' the orientation of pre- critical philosophy by showing how the traditional problems of metaphysics can be overcome by supposing that the agreement between reality and the concepts we use to conceive it arises not because our mental concepts have come to passively mirror reality, but because reality must conform to the human mind's active concepts to be conceivable and at all possible for us to experience. Kant thus regarded the basic categories of the human mind as the transcendental "condition of possibility" for any experience. Politically, Kant was one of the earliest exponents of the idea that perpetual peace could be secured through universal democracy and international cooperation. He believed that this eventually will be the outcome of universal history, although it is not rationally planned. The exact nature of Kant's religious ideas continue to be the subject of especially heated philosophical dispute, with viewpoints ranging from the idea that Kant was an early and radical exponent of atheism who finally exploded the ontological argument for God's existence, to more critical treatments epitomized by Nietzsche who claimed that Kant had "theologian blood" and that Kant was merely a sophisticated apologist for traditional Christian religious belief, writing that "Kant wanted to prove, in a way that would dumbfound the common man, that the common man was right: that was the secret joke of this soul." In Kant's major work, the Critique of Pure Reason (Kritik der reinen Vernunft, 1781), he attempted to explain the relationship between reason and human experience and to move beyond the failures of traditional philosophy and metaphysics. Kant wanted to put an end to an era of futile and speculative theories of human experience, while resisting the skepticism of thinkers such as David Hume. Kant regarded himself as ending and showing the way beyond the impasse which modern philosophy had led to between rationalists and empiricists, and is widely held to have synthesized these two early modern traditions in his thought. Kant argued that our experiences are structured by necessary features of our minds. In his view, the mind shapes and structures experience so that, on an abstract level, all human experience shares certain essential structural features. Among other things, Kant believed that the concepts of space and time are integral to all human experience, as are our concepts of cause and effect. One important consequence of this view is that our experience of things is always of the phenomenal world as conveyed by our senses: we do not have direct access to things in themselves, the so-called noumenal world. Kant published other important works on ethics, religion, law, aesthetics, astronomy, and history. These included the Critique of Practical Reason (Kritik der praktischen Vernunft, 1788), the Metaphysics of Morals (Die Metaphysik der Sitten, 1797), which dealt with ethics, and the Critique of Judgment (Kritik der Urteilskraft, 1790), which looks at aesthetics and teleology. Kant aimed to resolve disputes between empirical and rationalist approaches. The former asserted that all knowledge comes through experience; the latter maintained that reason and innate ideas were prior. Kant argued that experience is purely subjective without first being processed by pure reason. He also said that using reason without applying it to experience only leads to theoretical illusions. The free and proper exercise of reason by the individual was a theme both of the Age of Enlightenment, and of Kant's approaches to the various problems of philosophy. His ideas influenced many thinkers in Germany during his lifetime, and he moved philosophy beyond the debate between the rationalists and empiricists. (from ³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú naver.com wikipedia.org, Ãßõ À¯Æ©ºê µ¿¿µ»ó, ** Selected & Recommended Youtube Videos are shown. **) [Map of Consciousness] Basis, Between, By, Brain, influence(+) ~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): B+(MoC: Map of Consciousness) ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ MoC(ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØ): 575~750
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