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Àª½¼-Woodrow Wilson,28th President,³ëº§»ó,USA | |
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Çϵù(Á¦29´ë) [Á¤´ç] ¹ÎÁÖ´ç [Á¾±³] Àå·Î±³ [¹è¿ìÀÚ] ¿¤·» ·çÀ̽º ¾×½¼ Àª½¼ ¿¡µð½º º¼¸µ °ñÆ® Àª½¼ Åä¸Ó½º ¿ìµå·Î Àª½¼ (¿µ¾î: Thomas Woodrow Wilson, 1856³â 12¿ù 28ÀÏ~1924³â 2¿ù 3ÀÏ)Àº 1913³âºÎÅÍ 1921³â±îÁö ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ 28´ë ´ëÅë·ÉÀ» ¿ªÀÓÇÑ Á¤Ä¡°¡ÀÌÀÚ ÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ³²ºÎ¿¡¼ ž°í ÀÚ¶õ ±×´Â Á¤Ä¡Çп¡¼ ¹Ú»ç ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¼ö¿©¹ÞÀº ÈÄ, 1902³âºÎÅÍ 1910³â±îÁö ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ ´ëÇб³¿¡¼ ÃÑÀåÀ» ¿ªÀÓÇϱâ Àü±îÁö ±³¼öÀÌÀÚ ÇÐÀÚ·Î½á ´Ùä·Î¿î ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1910³â ¼±°Å¿¡¼ ±×´Â ¹ÎÁÖ´ç ¼Ò¼ÓÀ¸·Î ´ºÀúÁö ÁÖ ÁÖÁö»çÁ÷¿¡ Ã⸶ÇÏ¿´°í, ´ç¼±µÇ¾î 1911³âºÎÅÍ 1913³â±îÁö 34´ë ÁÖÁö»ç¸¦ ¿ªÀÓÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1912³â ´ë¼±¿¡ Ã⸶ÇÑ ±×´Â, °øÈ´çÀÇ ºÐ¿·Î 40%¹Û¿¡ ¾ÈµÇ´Â µæÇ¥À²·Î ´ç´ë·Î´Â °¡Àå ¸¹Àº ¼±°ÅÀδÜÀ» È®º¸ÇÏ¿© ´ç¼±µÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ëÅë·ÉÀ¸·Î¼ ±×´Â Áøº¸ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¼±ºÀÀåÀ¸·Î¼ ¹ÎÁÖ´çÀÌ 1912³â¿¡ »óÇÏ¿øÀ» ¸ðµÎ Àå¾ÇÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. [¾÷Àû] Àª½¼ÀÇ ¿Ü±³ Á¤Ã¥Àº 19¼¼±â±îÁö ±¹Á¦ Á¤Ä¡¸¦ Áö¹èÇÏ´ø "ÈûÀÇ ±ÕÇü" ¿ø¸®¿¡ ´ë¸³µÇ´Â µµ´öÁÖÀÇ¿Í ÀÌ»óÁÖÀǸ¦ ³»¼¼¿üÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·± À̳äÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î µ¶ÀÏ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿¬ÇÕ±¹ÀÇ µµ´öÀû ¸íºÐ°ú ÀÌ»óÀ» ³»¼¼¿ü´Ù. 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[ºñÆÇ] Àª½¼Àº ³ëº§ ÆòÈ»óÀ» ¼ö»óÇϱ⵵ Çß°í 10¸¸ ´Þ·¯ ÃÊ»óÈÀÇ ÁÖÀΰøµµ µÇ¾úÀ¸³ª ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº ¸éµµ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ¿ì¼± ¹ÎÁ·ÀÚ°áÁÖÀÇ´Â ¼¼°è½ÄÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¹Ì±¹½Ä Àã´ë·Î º» ¼¼°èÆòÈ·ÐÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ´Â ¾îµð±îÁö³ª Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è ´ëÀü ½ÂÀü±¹µéÀÌ ÆÐÀü±¹µéÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¸¦ ÀڽŵéÀÌ °¡·Îä·Á°í ¸¸µç °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¹éÀοì¿ùÁÖÀÇÀÚ¶ó´Â ÀÇȤÀ» ¹Þ±âµµ ÇÑ ±×´Â ÈæÀÎÀ» ź¾ÐÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ÈæÀο¡ ´ëÇØ ¹ú¾îÁö´Â ¹üÁË¿¡ ¹«°ü½ÉÇß´Ù´Â ºñÆòÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±× ¹ÎÁ·ÀÚ°áÁÖÀÇ È¤Àº ¹ÎÁ·ÀÚ°á±ÇÀ̶õ °Íµµ Àª½¼ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇϱâ 1³â Àü ·¯½Ã¾Æ Çõ¸í Á¤ºÎ°¡ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÚ°á±Ç ¼±¾ð¿¡ ¸Â´ëÀÀÇϱâ À§ÇØ ³ª¿Â °Í¿¡ ºÒ°úÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±× ³»¿ëµµ ·¯½Ã¾Æ Çõ¸í Á¤ºÎÀÇ °Íº¸´Ù ºó¾àÇß´Ù´Â Æò ¶ÇÇÑ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ±×°¡ ¼¼°è¸¦ À¶Å뼺 ÀÖ°Ô ¹Ù¶óº¸°í ÀÇȸ¿Í ŸÇùÇÏ¿© ±¹Á¦ ¿¬¸Í¿¡ °¡ÀÔÇß´Ù¸é Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è ´ëÀüµµ ÀϾÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù´Â ºÐ¼®ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. [»ç¸Á] 1924³â 2¿ù 3ÀÏ, Çâ³â 68¼¼·Î »ç¸ÁÇß´Ù. ¿ìµå·Î Àª½¼ [ Thomas Woodrow Wilson ] [¿ä¾à] ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡ÀÌÀÚ Á¦28´ë ´ëÅë·É (ÀçÀÓ:1913³â¡1921³â)À¸·Î ¹ÎÁÖ´ç ¼Ò¼ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. 1918³â '¹ÎÁ·ÀÚ°áÁÖÀÇ(Principle of National Self-determination)'¸¦ ÁÖâÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Á¦28´ë ´ëÅë·É. 1918³â 1¿ù ºñ¹Ð¿Ü±³ÀÇ ÆóÁö¿Í ¹ÎÁ·ÀÚ°áÁÖÀǸ¦ Á¦Ã¢, '14°³Á¶ ÆòÈ¿øÄ¢'À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í Æĸ®ÆòÈȸÀÇ¿¡¼´Â ÁöµµÀûÀÎ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ¼¼ ±¹Á¦¿¬¸Í â¼³À» À§ÇÏ¿© ³ë·ÂÇÑ °ø·Î·Î 1919³â ³ëº§ÆòÈ»óÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¹öÁö´Ï¾ÆÁÖ(ñ¶) ½ºÅæÆ°(Staunton)¿¡¼ Ãâ»ýÇß´Ù. 1879³â ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ´ëÇÐÀ» Á¹¾÷ÇÏ°í ¹öÁö´Ï¾Æ´ëÇÐ ¹ý´ë(Law School)¿¡ ÀÔÇÐÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ÁßÅðÇßÀ¸¸ç 1882³â º¯È£»çÀÚ°ÝÀ» ÃëµæÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1883³â Á¸½ºÈ©Å²½º´ëÇÐ(Johns Hopkins University) ´ëÇпø¿¡¼ ¹ýÇÐ ¡¤Á¤Ä¡ÇÐÀ» °øºÎÇÏ°í, 1886³â ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. 1885³â ºê¸°´ëÇÐ(Bryn Mawr College), 1888³â ¿þ½½¸®¾ð´ëÇÐ(Wesleyan University), 1890³â ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ´ëÇÐ(Princeton University)ÀÇ ±³¼ö°¡ µÇ°í, 1902³â ÀÌ ´ëÇÐ ÃÑÀåÀ¸·Î ¼±ÃâµÇ¾î 1910³â±îÁö ÀçÀÓÇß´Ù. 1910³â ´ºÀúÁö ÁÖÁö»ç·Î ´ç¼±µÇ¾î Á¤°è¿¡ ¹ßÀ» µé¿©³õ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç 1913³â±îÁö ÀçÀÓÇß´Ù. 1912³â ¹ÎÁÖ´ç ´ëÅë·É Èĺ¸ Áö¸í´ëȸ¿¡¼ 46Â÷ Ç¥°á±îÁö °¡´Â Á¢Àü ³¡¿¡ ½Â¸®ÇÏ¿´°í, ´ëÅë·É¼±°ÅÀü¿¡¼ ½Ã¾îµµ¾î ·ç½ºº§Æ® ÀüÀÓ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ Á¦3´ç Ã⸶·Î °øÈ´çÀÌ ¾çºÐµÇ¾î ¼ö¿ùÇÏ°Ô ÇöÁ÷ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÎ ÇÏ¿öµå ÅÂÇÁÆ®¸¦ ´©¸£°í Á¦28´ë ´ëÅë·É¿¡ ´ç¼±µÇ¾ú´Ù. Àª½¼ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥Àº ´ëÀÚº»¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ´ëÁßÀÇ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ´Ù¼öÀÇ »ê¾÷ÀÌÀÍ´ÜüÀÇ ¹Ý´ë¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í °ü¼¼¸¦ ÀÎÇϽÃŲ ¡®¾ð´õ¿ìµå°ü¼¼¹ý¾È(Underwood Tariff)¡¯¿¡ ¼¸íÇßÀ¸¸ç °ü¼¼¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼öÀÍÀÌ °¨¼ÒµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·±â À§ÇØ ´©Áø ¿¬¹æ¼Òµæ¼¼¸¦ ºÎ°úÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çß´Ù. ¶Ç °³ÀαÝÀ¶±â°üÀÇ È¾Æ÷¸¦ ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ '¿¬¹æÁغñ¹ý(Federal Reserve Act)'À» µµÀÔÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1914³â ¡®Å¬·¹ÀÌÅÏ µ¶Á¡±ÝÁö¹ý(Clayton Antitrust Act)¡¯ÀÌ Åë°úµÇ¾î ³ë»çºÐ±Ô ½Ã Á¤ºÎ°¡ °Á¦±ÝÁö ¸í·ÉÀ» ³»¸®Áö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ¿¬¹æÅë»óÀ§¿øȸ (Federal Trade Commission)°¡ â¼³µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥ ÀÌ ±â±¸´Â ¹«¿ª¿¡¼ÀÇ °æÀïÀû Á¶°ÇÀ» À¯µµÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¿¬¹æÁ¤ºÎ°¡ °£¼·ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ù°Å°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1914³â Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÌ ¹ß¹ßÇÏÀÚ Á߸³ÁÖÀǸ¦ Ç¥¹æÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, 1916³â ´ëÅë·É¼±°Å Àç¼±µÇ¾ú´Ù. Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü °³½Ã¿Í ÇÔ²² ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¹«¿ª°ú »ý»êÀº È°¹ßÇØÁö°í, ¿µ±¹ ¡¤ÇÁ¶û½º¿ÍÀÇ °ü°èµµ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î, ¹Ì±¹Àº ÀüÀï¿¡¼ ÀÌÀÍÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¼öÂ÷·Ê¿¡ °ÉÄ£ µµ¹ß¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í Àª½¼Àº ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Çù»óÇÒ ¿ëÀÇ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú°í ÀüÀïÀ» Á¾°á½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇßÀ¸³ª 1917³â 2¿ù µ¶ÀÏÀÌ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¼±ÀüÆ÷°í¸¦ ÇÏ°í ¹«Á¦ÇÑ Àá¼öÇÔ °ø°ÝÀ» Àç°³ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó Áö±Ý±îÁö °ßÁöµÇ¾î ¿Â Àª½¼ÀÇ ÆòÈÇù»ó ³ë·ÂÀº ÁÂÀýµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±× °á°ú ¹Ì±¹ ³»ÀÇ ¿©·ÐÀº ¾ÇȵDZ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ´õ¿íÀÌ µ¶ÀÏ-¸ß½ÃÄÚ-ÀϺ»ÀÇ 3±¹ÀÌ µ¿¸Í°ü°è¸¦ Àº¿¬Áß¿¡ µå·¯³»°í, ¸ß½ÃÄÚ°¡ ¹Ì±¹°ú ÀüÀïÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇϸé Åػ罺¡¤´º¸ß½ÃÄÚ¡¤¾Ö¸®Á¶³ª µîÁö¸¦ ³Ñ°Ü ÁÖ°Ú´Ù´Â µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Ä§¸Ó¸¸ Àüº¸(Zimmermann Telegram)°¡ ÀÔ¼ö µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, '¶óÄڴϾÆÈ£'ÀÇ ÇÇ°ÝÀ¸·Î ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀÇ Àθí¼Õ»ó »ç°ÇÀÌ ¶Ç ÅÍÁö°Ô µÇÀÚ ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀÇ ¿©·ÐÀº ´õ¿í ¾ÇȵǾú´Ù. 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(from https://chatgpt.com) Á¤½Å°ú ÀÇ»ç µ¥À̺ñµå ȣŲ½ºÀÇ 'ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ Map of Consciousness' ¿¡¼ 1¿¡¼ 1000±îÁö ¼öÄ¡·Î Æò°¡ÇßÀ»¶§, ¸àµ¨½ºÁ¸(1809³â 2¿ù 3ÀÏ~1847³â 11¿ù 4ÀÏ, Felix Mendelssohn, ÀÛ°î°¡, Germany)ÀÇ ÀǽÄÁöµµ ¼öÄ¡°ªÀº ? µ¥À̺ñµå ȣŲ½º ¹Ú»çÀÇ 'ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ(Map of Consciousness)'´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä »óŸ¦ 1ºÎÅÍ 1000±îÁöÀÇ ¼öÄ¡·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿©, °¢ ´Ü°èº°·Î °¨Á¤ »óÅÂ¿Í ¿¡³ÊÁö ¼öÁØÀ» ³ªÅ¸³À´Ï´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, ¼öÄ¡½ÉÀº 20, ÁËÃ¥°¨Àº 30, ¹«±â·ÂÀº 50, ½½ÇÄÀº 75, µÎ·Á¿òÀº 100, ¿å¸ÁÀº 125, ºÐ³ë´Â 150, ÀÚÁ¸½ÉÀº 175, ¿ë±â´Â 200, Á߸³Àº 250, ÀÇÁö´Â 310, ¼ö¿ëÀº 350, À̼ºÀº 400, »ç¶ûÀº 500, ±â»ÝÀº 540, ÆòÈ´Â 600, ±ú´ÞÀ½Àº 700~1000À¸·Î ºÐ·ùµË´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ƯÁ¤ Àι°, ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î ¿ìµå·Î Àª½¼ (1856³â 12¿ù 28ÀÏ~1924³â 2¿ù 3ÀÏ)ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¼öÄ¡´Â ȣŲ½º ¹Ú»çÀÇ Àú¼³ª ¿¬±¸¿¡¼ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ð±ÞµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ Àª½¼ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØÀ» Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Æò°¡Çϰųª ¼öÄ¡ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾î·Æ½À´Ï´Ù. ȣŲ½º ¹Ú»çÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ ³»Àû »óŸ¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í ¼ºÀåÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ÇϳªÀÇ µµ±¸·Î È°¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 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Àª½¼ÀÇ ¼ºÇ°: °ÇÑ µµ´ö¼º: Àª½¼Àº °ÇÑ µµ´ö¼ºÀ» °¡Áø Àι°·Î Æò°¡¹Þ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ µµ´ö¼ºÀº ±×ÀÇ Á¤Ã¥ °áÁ¤¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃƽÀ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¼ºÇâ: Àª½¼Àº ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¼ºÇâÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ» ½ÇÇöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ³ë·ÂÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØ ÃßÁ¤: Àª½¼ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ¾÷Àû°ú ¼ºÇ°À» Á¾ÇÕÇØ º¼ ¶§, ±×ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØÀº 500 ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. 500Àº 'Á¸°æ'ÀÇ ´Ü°è·Î, ÀÌ ´Ü°èÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ³ôÀº µµ´ö¼º°ú À±¸®Àû ±âÁØÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á¸ÁßÇÏ°í ¹è·ÁÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Àª½¼ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ ±¹Á¦ Æòȸ¦ À§ÇÑ ³ë·Â°ú Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ Á¤Ã¥ ÃßÁøÀº ±×ÀÇ ³ôÀº µµ´ö¼º°ú ÀÌŸ½ÉÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â »ç·ÊÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÁÖÀÇ: Á¤È®ÇÑ ¼öÄ¡: À§¿¡¼ Á¦½ÃµÈ ¼öÄ¡´Â ÃßÁ¤Ä¡À̸ç, µ¥À̺ñµå ȣŲ½º ¹Ú»çÀÇ 'ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ'¿¡¼ Àª½¼ ´ëÅë·ÉÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØÀº ¾ð±ÞµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ Çؼ®: ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØÀº °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ Çؼ®¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶óÁú ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. [ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ] ====================================== Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States [In office] March 4, 1913 – March 4, 1921 Preceded by: William Howard Taft Succeeded by: Warren G. Harding [Personal details] [Born] Thomas Woodrow Wilson December 28, 1856 Staunton, Virginia, U.S. [Died] February 3, 1924 (aged 67) Washington, D.C., U.S. [Resting place] Washington National Cathedral Washington, D.C. [Political party] Democratic [Spouse(s)] Ellen Axson (m. 1885; her death 1914) Edith Bolling (m. 1915; his death 1924) [Children] Margaret, Jessie, and Eleanor [Alma mater] Davidson College Princeton University (BA) University of Virginia Johns Hopkins University (PhD) [Profession] Academic, historian, Political scientist [Religion] Presbyterianism [Awards] Nobel Peace Prize Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Born and raised in Virginia, Wilson earned a PhD in political science, working as a professor and scholar at various institutions before being chosen as President of Princeton University, where he worked from 1902 to 1910. In the election of 1910, he was the gubernatorial candidate of New Jersey's Democratic Party, and was elected the 34th Governor of New Jersey, serving from 1911 to 1913. Running for president in 1912, a split in the Republican Party allowed his plurality, just over forty percent, to win him a large electoral college margin. As President, Wilson was a leading force in the Progressive Movement, bolstered by his Democratic Party's winning control of both the White House and Congress in 1912. In office, Wilson reintroduced the spoken State of the Union, which had been out of use since 1801. Leading the Congress, now in Democratic hands, he oversaw the passage of progressive legislative policies unparalleled until the New Deal in 1933. Included among these were the Federal Reserve Act, Federal Trade Commission Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, and the Federal Farm Loan Act. Having taken office one month after ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment, Wilson called a special session of Congress, whose work culminated in the Revenue Act of 1913, reintroducing an income tax and lowering tariffs. Through passage of the Adamson Act, imposing an 8-hour workday for railroads, he averted a railroad strike and an ensuing economic crisis. Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Wilson maintained a policy of neutrality, while pursuing a more aggressive policy in dealing with Mexico's civil war. Wilson faced former Governor Charles Evans Hughes of New York in the presidential elections of 1916. He became the first Democrat since Andrew Jackson elected to consecutive terms with a narrow majority. Wilson's second term was dominated by American entry into World War I. In April 1917, when Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare, Wilson asked Congress to declare war in order to make "the world safe for democracy." The United States conducted military operations alongside the Allies, although without a formal alliance. During the war, Wilson focused on diplomacy and financial considerations, leaving military strategy to the generals, especially General John J. Pershing. Loaning billions of dollars to Britain, France, and other Allies, the United States aided their finance of the war effort. Through the Selective Service Act, conscription sent 10,000 freshly trained soldiers to France, per day, by summer of 1918. On the home front, he raised income taxes, borrowing billions of dollars through the public's purchase of Liberty Bonds. He set up the War Industries Board, promoted labor union cooperation, regulating agriculture and food production through the Lever Act, and granting to the Secretary of the Treasury, William McAdoo, direct control of the nation's railroad system. In his 1915 State of the Union, Wilson asked Congress for what became the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918, suppressing anti-draft activists. The crackdown was intensified by his Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer to include expulsion of non-citizen radicals during the First Red Scare of 1919–1920. Following years of advocacy for suffrage on the state level, in 1918 he endorsed the Nineteenth Amendment whose ratification provided all women the right to vote by its ratification in 1920, over Southern opposition. Wilson staffed his government with Southern Democrats who believed in segregation. He gave department heads greater autonomy in their management. Early in 1918, he issued his principles for peace, the Fourteen Points, and in 1919, following armistice, he traveled to Paris, promoting the formation of a League of Nations, concluding the Treaty of Versailles. Following his return from Europe, Wilson embarked on a nationwide tour in 1919 to campaign for the treaty, suffering a severe stroke. The treaty was met with serious concern by Senate Republicans, and Wilson rejected a compromise effort led by Henry Cabot Lodge, leading to the Senate's rejection of the treaty. Due to his stroke, Wilson secluded himself in the White House, disability having diminished his power and influence. Forming a strategy for reelection, Wilson deadlocked the 1920 Democratic National Convention, but his bid for a third term nomination was overlooked. A devoted Presbyterian, Wilson infused morality into his internationalism, an ideology now referred to as "Wilsonian"— an activist foreign policy calling on the nation to promote global democracy. For his sponsorship of the League of Nations, Wilson was awarded the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize, the second of three sitting presidents so honored. (from naver.com wikipedia.org ³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú µÎ»ê¹é°ú ³ª¹«À§Å° µî) [Map of Consciousness] Congress, influence(+-) ~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C(MoC: Map of Consciousness) ÀÇ½Ä Áöµµ MoC(ÀÇ½Ä ¼öÁØ): 500+
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