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½ºÇdzëÀÚ-Baruch Spinoza,17C Philosopher,Dutch | ||
½ºÇdzëÀÚ [ Spinoza, Baruch De ] [Ãâ»ý - »ç¸Á] 1632³â 11¿ù 24ÀÏ - 1677³â 2¿ù 21ÀÏ (44¼¼) [12ºÐ] [29ºÐ] [Á÷¾÷] öÇÐÀÚ [ºÐ¾ß] ¹ü½Å·Ð, ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû À¯¹°·Ð [±¹Àû] ³×´ú¶õµå [ÁÖ¿äÀú¼] Tractatus theologico-politicus, 1670. Ethica, 1677. Tractatus intellectus emend-atione, 1677. ¹Ù·òÈå ½ºÇdzëÀÚ (Baruch Spinoza, 1632³â 11¿ù 24ÀÏ - 1677³â 2¿ù 21ÀÏ)´Â ³×´ú¶õµå ¾Ï½ºÅ׸£´ã¿¡¼ ÅÂ¾î³ Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥°è À¯´ëÀÎ Ç÷ÅëÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ½ºÇdzëÀÚ°¡ ¾´ ÀúÀÛÀÇ °úÇÐÀû ŵµ¿Í Æ÷°ý¼º, öÇлçÀû Á߿伺Àº ½ºÇdzëÀÚ »çÈÄ ¿À·£ ¼¼¿ùµ¿¾È Á¦´ë·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹ÞÁö ¸øÇßÀ¸³ª ¿À´Ã³¯ ½ºÇdzëÀÚ´Â 18¼¼±â °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ¿Í ±Ù´ë ¼º¼ ºñÆÇÀÇ Åä´ë¸¦ ³õÀº À¯·´ 17¼¼±â öÇÐÀÇ ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÚ ¼¼ °ÅµÎ °¡¿îµ¥ ÇÑ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ´Â´Ù. [Recommended Youtube Video] ´ëÀÛ ¡¶¿¡Æ¼Ä«¡·¿¡¼ ½ºÇdzëÀÚ´Â µ¥Ä«¸£Æ®ÀÇ Á¤½Å- À°Ã¼ ÀÌ¿ø·Ð¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¼¾ç öÇп¡¼ Áß¿äÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ·Î ¼Õ²ÅÈù´Ù. 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[Recommended Youtube Video] [»ý¾Ö] 1632³â Æ÷¸£Åõ°¥¿¡¼ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ Á¾±³ÀçÆÇ°ú À¯´ëÀΠź¾ÐÀ» ÇÇÇØ ¸Á¸íÇÑ À¯´ë°è »óÀÎÀÎ ¾Æ¹öÁö ¹Ì°Ö Áö À̽ºÇdzëÀÚ¿Í ¾î¸Ó´Ï ¾Æ³ª µ¥º¸¶ó À̽ºÇdzëÀÚ »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ³×´ú¶õµå ¾Ï½ºÅ׸£´ã¿¡¼ ž´Ù. ºÎ¸ð´Â À¯´ëÀÎÀÇ ÀüÅë¿¡ µû¶ó ¾Ï½ºÅ׸£´ãÀÇ À¯´ëÀÎȸÀÇ Ãâ»ý ±â·ÏºÎ¿¡ ¹Ù·òÈå ½ºÇdzëÀÚ(Baruch Spinoza)¶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î ¿Ã·È´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ ½ºÇdzëÀÚ ÀÚ½ÅÀº ¶óƾ¾î À̸§ º£³×µñÅõ½º¸¦ Áñ°Ü ½è´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Ä£ÇÒ¸Ó´Ï´Â ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸¿¡ ¸¶³à·Î ¸ô·Á ÈÇüÀ» ´çÇß´Ù. ½ºÇdzëÀÚ´Â 5¼¼ ¶§¿¡ À¯´ëÀÎȸ ¿¡Ã÷ ÇÏÀÓ¿¡ µî·ÏµÇ¾î Å»¹«µå Çб³ÀÇ ¶øºñ »ç¿ï ·¹ºñ ¸ð¸£Å×ÀÌ¶ó ¹Ø¿¡¼ À¯´ë öÇаú ½ÅÇÐÀ» Àü¼ö ¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ 1654³â »ç¸ÁÇÏÀÚ 21¼¼ÀÇ ½ºÇdzëÀÚ´Â ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ °æ¿µÇÏ´ø ¼öÀÔ »óǰÁ¡À» ¹°·Á¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. [Recommended Youtube Video] ½ºÇdzëÀÚ´Â À¯´ë°øµ¿Ã¼ÀÎ ½Ã³ª°í±×¿¡¼ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ À¯´ë½Ä ±³À°À» ¹Þ¾Ò°í, À²¹ýÇÐÀÚ (¶øºñ)°¡ µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í Ã˸Á ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ¶óƾ¾î¸¦ ¹è¿ì°í ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¸¦ Á¢ÇÏ¸é¼ À¯´ë±³ÀÇ(Îçëù)¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÈ´Ù. 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ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ±âÇÏÇÐÀÇ ³íÁõ¹ýÀ» ÀÀ¿ëÇÏ¿© À±¸®ÇÐÀ» Á¤¸®, °ø¸®°è(Ìõ) µîÀ¸·Î ü°èÁö¿î °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿¾ÇÇÑ È¯°æ¿¡¼ ¾È°æ ·»Á ¿¬¸¶(æÚب)ÇÏ ´Â ³ëµ¿À¸·Î »ý°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °¡¿îµ¥¼µµ, ´ç½Ã µ¶ÀÏ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÇÏÀ̵¨º£¸£Å© ´ëÇÐÀ¸·ÎºÎ ÅÍ ÃʺùÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸³ª ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î öÇÐȰµ¿À» º¸ÀåÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °÷¿¡¼´Â ÀçÁ÷ÇÒ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é¼ À̸¦ ´ÜÈ£È÷ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â µî öÇÐÀÚ ·Î¼ÀÇ ±³ÈÆÀÌ µÇ´Â ½¢ÇÑ ÀÏȸ¦ ³²°å´Ù. ±×´Â óÀýÇÑ °íµ¶°ú ºó°ï ¼Ó¿¡¼ °ú·Î·Î ÀÎÇÑ Æóº´À¸·Î <±¹°¡·Ð>À» ÃÖÈÄÀÇ Àú¼·Î ÇÏ¿© 44¼¼¸¦ Àϱâ·Î ÀÏÂï ¼ûÀ» °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Çм³Àº ¹æ¹ý·Ð¿¡ À־ ±âÇÏÇÐÀû ÀÎ ÀÔÀåÀ» ÃëÇϰí, ¼¼°è°ü¿¡ À־ ¹«½Å·ÐÀû ¼ºÇâÀÌ °ÇÑ ÀÏ¿ø·ÐÀû ¹ü½Å·ÐÀÚ¿´´Ù. µ¶ÀÏ °ü³ä·Ð¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ãưí, °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ, »çȸÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ôµµ ÀûÀÝÀº ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.ƯÈ÷ ·¹½ÌÀº "½ºÇdzëÀÚ Ã¶ÇÐ ¿Ü´Â ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù"°í ÇÒ¸¸Å °ÝÂù Çß´Ù. ¹Ý¸é À¯½Å·ÐÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â "½ÅÀ» ¸ðµ¶ ÇÑ ÀúÁÖ¹ÞÀ» ¹«½Å·ÐÀÚ"·Î ºñ³µµ ¹Þ¾Æ¾ßÇß´Ù. ±× ¹ÛÀÇ Àú¼·Î ¡¸Áö¼º °³¼±·Ð¡¹ ¡¸±¹°¡·Ð¡¹ µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. [öÇлç»ó] [½Å] ½ºÇdzëÀÚ´Â ÀÏ¿ø·ÐÀû ¹ü½Å·ÐÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ½Çü¸¦ À¯ÇѰú ¹«ÇÑÀ¸·Î ³ª´©´Â µ¥Ä«¸£Æ® ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ø·Ð¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇß´Ù. ¼¼°è ³»ÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ Çϳª¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ±× ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀû ÀÔÀåÀ̾ú´Ù. ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¿À·ÎÁö ÀÚ¿¬ ¾È¿¡¼¸¸ Á¸ÀçÇϸç, »ý¼ºÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °Íµµ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚ¿¬(½Å)ÀÇ ¹«ÇÑÇÑ º»ÁúÀû ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ »ý±ä´Ù. [ÄÚ³ªÅõ½º] ½ºÇdzëÀÚ´Â ÄÚ³ªÅõ½º(Conatus, Èû)¸¦ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ´Ù. ¿¡ÇÇÄí·Î½ºÀÇ ¿ë¾î·Î º¸¸é, ½ºÇdzëÀÚÀÇ ÄÚ³ªÅõ½º´Â »ì°íÀÚÇÏ´Â ¿å±¸ ³»Áö´Â ÀÇÁö¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ½ºÇdzëÀÚ´Â ÄÚ³ªÅõ½ºÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Ç¥ÃâÀ» ÇູÀ¸·Î º¸¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼ ÄÚ³ªÅõ½º¸¦ ¹ßÈÖÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤Ä¡Ã¼Á¦°¡ ÃÖ°í¶ó°í º¸¾Ò´Ù. ÄÚ³ªÅõ½º(Conatus)´Â ¿ª·®(potentia, puissance)ÀÌ À±¸®ÇС¤Àΰ£ÇÐÀû Àǹ̷Π»ç¿ëµÉ ¶§, °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àǹ̷Î, ÀھƸ¦ º¸Á¸¡¤¹ßÀü¡¤¿Ï¼ºÇÏ·Á´Â ¿å±¸ ³»Áö ³ë·ÂÀ¸·Î ÇØ¼® µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. [ÀÚ¿¬] ½ºÇdzëÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÚ¿¬, ½Å, ±×¸®°í ´Ü Çϳª»ÓÀÎ ½Çü´Â °°Àº °³³äÀÌ´Ù. ¹«ÇÑÀÚ´Â ´É»êÀû ÀÚ¿¬(»êÃâÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¬)À¸·Î¼, ¹«¾ð°¡¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î³»´Â ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ÈûÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëºñµÇ´Â À¯ÇÑÀÚ´Â ¼Ò»êÀû ÀÚ¿¬(»êÃâµÈ ÀÚ¿¬)ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ µÎ ÀÚ¿¬Àº ÈûÀ» °¡Áø´Ù. [¿µÇâ] ±×ÀÇ »ç»óÀº ·ç¼Ò¡¤±«Åס¤Çì°Ö¡¤ÇÇÈ÷Å× µî ¿¡°Ô Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸ùÅ×½ºÅ°¿Ü´Â È©½º¿Í ½ºÇdzëÀÚÀÇ »çȸ¹°¸® ÇÐ(social physics)ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ ¹ýÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ °¡Ä¡ÆÇ´ÜÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ "¼ø¼öÈ"½Ã۰í ü°èÀûÀÎ °æÇèÀû °üÂû¿¡ ±âÃʽÃŰ·Á ½ÃµµÇÑ Á¡¿¡¼ ¹ý»çȸÇÐÀû °üÁ¡¿¡¼µµ ÁÖ¸ñµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. [¸í¾ð] "³»ÀÏ Áö±¸ÀÇ Á¾¸»ÀÌ ¿Â´Ù ÇÒÁö¶óµµ ³ª´Â ¿À´Ã Çѱ׷çÀÇ »ç°ú³ª¹«¸¦ ½É°Ú´Ù" - ³Ê¹«³ª À¯¸íÇÑ ±×·¯³ª ½¢ÇÑ ¿ÀÇØ¸¦ ÀھƳ» ±âµµ ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¸»À» °ú¿¬ ½ºÇdzëÀÚ°¡ Á÷Á¢ Çß´ÂÁö´Â ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù.±×·¯³ª µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ½ºÇdzëÀÚÀÇ Ã¶Çп¡ ºñÃß¾î º¼ ¶§ ÀüÇô Ÿ´ç¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ñ µíÇÏ´Ù. "Even if I knew that tomorrow the world would go to pieces, I would still plant my apple tree." -Martin Luther (a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation, in 16th Century) ±×¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¿ìÁÖ¿Í ¼¼°è,Áï ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£ÀÌ ÇϳªÀ̹ǷΠ½ÃÀÛ°ú Á¾¸»À̶ó´Â °Í ÀÚü°¡ ¼º¸³µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ï ¼ø°£Àû Áö±¸ º¯È¿¡ ¿¬¿¬ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í °¥ ±æÀ» ³¡±îÁö °¡°Ú´Ù´Â ¶æÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. [Àú¼] ¡¶Áö¼º°³¼±·Ð¡· (Tractatus de intellectus emendatione), 1661³â ¡¶±âÇÏÇÐÀû ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ µ¥Ä«¸£Æ®ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¸®¡· (Renati Descartes principiorum philosophiae mori geometrico domonstrata), 1663³â. ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ½ºÇdzëÀÚ°¡ »ýÀü À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ÃâÆÇÇÑ Ã¥À¸·Î, ¡¶µ¥Ä«¸£Æ® öÇÐ ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¡·(¾çÁøÈ£ ¿Å±è, Ã¥¼¼»óÃâÆÇ»ç, 2010, ISBN 89-7013-749-1)¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾úÀ½. ¡¶½ÅÇÐ-Á¤Ä¡ ³í°í¡· (Tractatus theologico-politicus), 1670³â ¾Ï½ºÅ׸£´ã¿¡¼ À͸íÀ¸·Î ÃâÆÇ. È©½ºÀÇ ¸®¹ÙÀÌ¾î´ø°ú ÇÔ²² ³×´ú¶õµå Á¤ºÎ·Î ºÎÅÍ 1674³â¿¡ ÃâÆÇ±ÝÁöµÊ. ¡¶±âÇÏÇÐÀû ¼ø¼·Î Áõ¸íµÈ À±¸®ÇС· (Ethica, ordine geometrico demonstrata), 1677³â. ÀÌ Ã¥Àº ¡¶¿¡Æ¼Ä« (°¿µ°è ¿Å±è, ¼±¤»ç, 2007, ISBN 89-306- 2546-0)¶ó´Â Á¦¸ñÀ¸·Î ¹ø¿ªµÇ¾úÀ½. ¡¶Á¤Ä¡ ³í°í¡· (Tractatus politicus) 1675³â¿¡ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© 1677³â¿¡ ÃÊÆÇ¹ßÇà ---------------------------------------- ½ºÇdzëÀÚ [ Spinoza, Baruch De ] ³×´ú¶õµåÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ. 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ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ÀϺΠ·Î¼ÀÇ Àΰ£Àº ¼Ó¼ºÀÌ °³Ã¼·Î¼ ±ÔÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù ´Â Àǹ̿¡¼ "¾çÅÂ"(åÆ÷¾, modus)·Î °£ÁÖµÇ °í, ±× À¯ÇÑÇÑ Áö¼º(ò±àõ)Àº ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ¿©·¯ ¼Ó¼º ¾È¿¡¼ "¿¬Àå"(¹°Áú)°ú "»ç°í"(Á¤½Å) ¶ó´Â µÎ °³ÀÇ ¼Ó¼ºÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀε¥ ¾çÀÚ´Â ½ÇüÀÇ ¼Ó¼ºÀ¸·Î¼ ½Çü¿¡ ÅëÀ쵂 °í ÀÖ°í, ÀÌ ¾çÀÚ´Â ¶ÇÇÑ º°°³ÀÇ Á¸ÀçÀÌÁö ¸¸ ¾çÀÚ »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ´ëÀÀ°ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Àΰ£¿¡°Ô´Â ½É½Å(ãýãó) º´Çà·ÐÀ̶ó´Â °ßÇØ°¡ ¼º¸³µÈ´Ù(µ¥Ä«¸£Æ®ÀÇ 2¿ø·Ð°ú ½É½Å °ü°è ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ±Øº¹). ½Çü¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀüüÀÇ ¾çÅÂ(åÆ÷¾)´Â ÇÊ¿¬Àû °ü°è¸¦ °¡Áö°í ±ÔÁ¤µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÀÇÁöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯´Â ÀÎÁ¤µÇÁö ¾Ê°í, µû¶ó¼ ÀÚÀ¯ ¶ó´Â °ÍÀº ±× ÇÊ¿¬Àû °ü°èÀÇ ÀÎ½Ä ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ¼ ÇൿÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£Àº ±× Á¤½Å¿¡ °¨Á¤°ú Áö¼ºÀ» °®Ãß°í Àִµ¥ ±×°ÍÀÇ ±Ù¿ø Àº Àڱ⺸Á¸ÀÇ ¿å±¸À̸ç, À̰ÍÀÌ Áø½Ç·Î Àΰ£´ä°Ô ½ÇÇöµÇ·Á¸é °¨°¢Àû ÀνÄÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ °í, À̼ºÀû ¹× Á÷°üÀû ÀνĿ¡ ÀǰÅÇØ Áø½ÇÀÇ Á¸Àç ¹æ½ÄÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡´Â °¨°¢Àû ÀνÄÀ» ¿µîÇÏ°Ô º¸´Â ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀÌ º¸ÀδÙ. ½ºÇdzëÀÚÀÇ »çȸ°üÀº È©½ºÀÇ »ý°¢À» °è½ÂÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸ È©½º¿Í´Â ´Ù¸£°Ô ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ±ºÁÖÁ¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °øÈÁ¦·Î ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ====================================== Baruch Spinoza [Born] 24 November 1632 Amsterdam, Dutch Republic [Died] 21 February 1677 (aged 44) The Hague, Dutch Republic [Residence] Netherlands [Nationality] Dutch [Era] 17th-century philosophy [Region] Western Philosophy [School] Rationalism, founder of Spinozism [Main interests] Ethics, Epistemology, Metaphysics, Hebrew Grammar [Notable ideas] Pantheism, determinism, neutral monism, intellectual and religious freedom, separation of church and state, criticism of Mosaic authorship of some books of the Hebrew Bible, political society derived from power, not contract [Recommended Youtube Video] Baruch Spinoza (born Benedito de Espinosa, 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Sephardi Portuguese origin. The breadth and importance of Spinoza's work was not fully realized until many years after his death. By laying the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism, including modern conceptions of the self and the universe, he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy His magnum opus, the posthumous Ethics, in which he opposed Descartes' mind –body dualism, has earned him recognition as one of Western philosophy's most important thinkers. In the Ethics, "Spinoza wrote the last indisputable Latin masterpiece, and one in which the refined conceptions of medieval philosophy are finally turned against themselves and destroyed entirely." Hegel said, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all." His philosophical accomplishments and moral character prompted 20th- century philosopher Gilles Deleuze to name him "the 'prince' of philosophers". Spinoza's given name varies between different languages: Baruch Spinoza, Portuguese: Benedito or Bento de Espinosa and Latin: Benedictus de Spinoza; in all these languages, the given name means "Blessed". Spinoza was raised in the Portuguese Jewish community in Amsterdam. He developed highly controversial ideas regarding the authenticity of the Hebrew Bible and the nature of the Divine. The Jewish religious authorities issued a cherem against him, effectively excluding him from Jewish society at age 23. His books were also later put on the Catholic Church's Index of Forbidden Books. Spinoza lived an outwardly simple life as a lens grinder, turning down rewards and honours throughout his life, including prestigious teaching positions. Spinoza died at the age of 44 allegedly of a lung illness, perhaps tuberculosis or silicosis exacerbated by fine glass dust inhaled while grinding optical lenses. Spinoza is buried in the churchyard of the Christian Nieuwe Kerk in The Hague. (from naver.com ³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú wikipedia.org, Ãßõ À¯Æ©ºê ¿µ»ó, ** Selected & Recommended Youtube Videos are shown. **) Breadth, Biblical criticism, Baruch ~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): B
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