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[ÇÁ¶û½º ¼§¼õ]


[Àú¼­]
(1889)
Çѱ¹¾î¿ª <ÀǽĿ¡ Á÷Á¢ ÁÖ¾îÁø °Íµé¿¡ °üÇÑ ½Ã·Ð>, ÃÖ È­ ¿Å±è,
¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2001.



¹°Áú°ú ±â¾ï (1896) : ¹ÚÁ¾¿ø ¿Å±è,
¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2005. ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ öÇÐÀÚÀÎ Áú µé·ÚÁîÀÇ »ç»óÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â µ¥
²À ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Ã¥

(1900)
Çѱ¹¾î¿ª <¿ôÀ½>, ±èÁø¼º ¿Å±è, Á¾·Î¼­Àû, 1983.



(1907) Çѱ¹¾î¿ª <âÁ¶Àû ÁøÈ­>,
Á¤ÇÑÅà ¿Å±è, ¹Ú¿µ»ç,
1980. <âÁ¶Àû ÁøÈ­>, Ȳ¼ö¿µ ¿Å±è, ¾ÆÄ«³Ý, 2004.

(1932)
Çѱ¹¾î¿ª <µµ´ö°ú Á¾±³ÀÇ µÎ ¿øõ>, ¼Û¿µÁø ¿Å±è, ¼­±¤»ç, 1998.
±èÀçÈñ ¿ª, Áö¸¸Áö, 2009.

(Á¤½ÅÀû ¿¡³ÊÁö)(1919)
Çѱ¹¾î¿ª <»çÀ¯¿Í ¿îµ¿>,
À̱¤·¡ ¿Å±è, ¹®¿¹ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1993.

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=======================================

Henri Bergson

[Born] 18 October 1859
Paris, France

[Died] 4 January 1941 (aged 81)
Paris, France

[Awards]
Nobel Prize in Literature (1927)

[Era] 20th-century philosophy

[Region] Western Philosophy

[School]
Continental philosophy
French Spiritualism

[Main interests]
Metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of language,
philosophy of mathematics

[Notable ideas]
Duration, intuition, elan vital, open society

Henri-Louis Bergson
(18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941)
was a major French philosopher,
influential especially in the first
half of the 20th century.

Bergson convinced many thinkers that the processes
of immediate experience and intuition are more significant
than abstract rationalism and science for
understanding reality.

He was awarded the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature
"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas
and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented".

In 1930 France awarded him its highest honour,
the Grand-Croix de la Legion d'honneur.



[Biography]
[Overview]
Bergson was born in the Rue Lamartine in Paris,
not far from the Palais Garnier (the old Paris opera house)
in 1859.

His father, the pianist Micha Bergson,
was of a Polish Jewish family background
(originally bearing the name Bereksohn).

His mother, Katherine Levison,
daughter of a Yorkshire doctor,
was from an English and Irish Jewish background.

The Bereksohns were a famous Jewish entrepreneurial family
of Polish descent.

Henri Bergson's great-great-grandfather,
Szmul Jakubowicz Sonnenberg, called Zbytkower,
was a prominent banker and a protege of Stanislaw August
Poniatowski, King of Poland from 1764 to 1795.

Henri Bergson's family lived in London for a few years
after his birth, and he obtained an early familiarity
with the English language from his mother.

Before he was nine, his parents settled in France,
Henri becoming a naturalized French citizen.

Henri Bergson married Louise Neuberger,
a cousin of Marcel Proust (1871–1922), in 1891.
(The novelist served as best man at Bergson's wedding.)

Henri and Louise Bergson had a daughter, Jeanne,
born deaf in 1896.

Bergson's sister, Mina Bergson (also known as Moina Mathers),
married the English occult author Samuel Liddell MacGregor
Mathers, a founder of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn,
and the couple later relocated to Paris as well.

Çѱ¹.net

Bergson lived the quiet life of a French professor,
marked by the publication of his four principal works:
1.in 1889, Time and Free Will
(Essai sur les donnees immediates de la conscience)

2.in 1896, Matter and Memory (Matiere et memoire)

3.in 1907, Creative Evolution (L'Evolution creatrice)

4.in 1932, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion
(Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion)

In 1900 the College of France selected
Bergson to a Chair of Greek and Latin
Philosophy, which he held until 1904.
He then replaced Gabriel Tarde in the
Chair of Modern Philosophy, which he
held until 1920. The public attended
his open courses in large numbers.

[Philosophy]
Bergson rejected what he saw as the
overly mechanistic predominant view of
causality (as expressed in, say,
finalism). He argued that we must allow
space for free will to unfold in an
autonomous and unpredictable fashion.

While Kant saw free will as something beyond time and space
and therefore ultimately a matter of faith,
Bergson attempted to redefine the modern conceptions of
time, space, and causality in his concept of Duration,
making room for a tangible marriage of free will with causality.

Seeing Duration as a mobile and fluid concept,
Bergson argued that one cannot understand Duration
through "immobile" analysis,
but only through experiential, first-person intuition.

[Creativity]
Bergson considers the appearance of novelty as a result
of pure undetermined creation,
instead of as the predetermined result of mechanistic forces.

His philosophy emphasises pure mobility,
unforeseeable novelty, creativity and freedom;
thus one can characterize his system as a process philosophy.

It touches upon such topics as time and identity,
free will, perception, change, memory, consciousness,
language, the foundation of mathematics
and the limits of reason.

Criticizing Kant's theory of knowledge
exposed in the Critique of Pure Reason
and his conception of truth — which he
compares to Plato's conception of truth
as its symmetrical inversion (order of
nature/order of thought) — Bergson
attempted to redefine the relations
between science and metaphysics,
intelligence and intuition, and
insisted on the necessity of increasing
thought's possibility through the use
of intuition, which, according to him,
alone approached a knowledge of the
absolute and of real life, understood as pure duration.

Because of his (relative) criticism of intelligence,
he makes a frequent use of images and
metaphors in his writings in order to
avoid the use of concepts, which (he
considers) fail to touch the whole of
reality, being only a sort of abstract
net thrown on things.

For instance, he says in The Creative Evolution
(chap.III) that thought in itself would
never have thought it possible for the
human being to swim, as it cannot
deduce swimming from walking.

For swimming to be possible, man must throw
itself in water, and only then can
thought consider swimming as possible.
Intelligence, for Bergson, is a
practical faculty rather than a pure
speculative faculty, a product of
evolution used by man to survive.

If metaphysics is to avoid "false
problems", it should not extend to pure
speculation the abstract concepts of
intelligence, but rather use intuition.

The Creative Evolution in particular
attempted to think through the
continuous creation of life, and
explicitly pitted itself against
Herbert Spencer's evolutionary philosophy.

Spencer had attempted to transpose Charles Darwin's theory
of evolution in philosophy and to construct
a cosmology based on this theory
(Spencer also coined the expression "survival of the fittest").

Bergson disputed what he saw as Spencer's
mechanistic philosophy.

Henri Bergson¡¯s Lebensphilosophie
(Philosophy of Life) can be seen as a
response to the mechanistic philosophies of his time,
but also to the failure of finalism.

Indeed, he considers that finalism is unable to
explain "duration" and the "continuous creation of life",
as it only explains life as the progressive development of
an initially determined program — a notion which remains,

for example, in the expression of a "genetic program";
such a description of finalism was adopted,
for instance, by Leibniz.

It clearly announces Alfred North Whitehead's.

Bergson regarded planning beforehand
for the future as impossible, since
time itself unravels unforeseen
possibilities. Indeed, one could always
explain a historical event retrospectively by its conditions
of possibility.

But, in the introduction to the Pensee et le mouvant,
he explains that such an event created retrospectively
its causes, taking the example of the creation
of a work of art, for example a symphony:
it was impossible to predict what would be the symphony
of the future, as if the musician knew what symphony
would be the best for his time, he would realize it.

In his words, the effect created its cause.
Henceforth, he attempted to find a third way
between mechanism and finalism, through the notion
of an original impulse, the elan vital, in life,
which dispersed itself through evolution
into contradictory tendencies
(he substituted to the finalist notion of
a teleological aim a notion of an original impulse).

[Duration]
The foundation of Henri Bergson¡¯s
philosophy, his theory of Duration, he
discovered when trying to improve the
inadequacies of Herbert Spencer¡¯s
philosophy. Bergson introduced Duration
as a theory of time and consciousness
in his doctoral thesis Time and Free
Will: An Essay on the Immediate Data of
Consciousness as a response to another
of his influences: Immanuel Kant.

Kant believed that free will could only
exist outside of time and space, that
we could therefore not know whether or
not it exists, and that it is nothing
but a pragmatic faith. Bergson
responded that Kant, along with many
other philosophers, had confused time
with its spatial representation.

In reality, Bergson argued, Duration is
unextended yet heterogeneous, and so
its parts cannot be juxtaposed as a
succession of distinct parts, with one
causing the other. Based on this he
concluded that determinism is an
impossibility and free will pure
mobility, which is what Bergson
identified as being the Duration.

[Intuition]
Duration, as defined by Bergson, then
is a unity and a multiplicity, but,
being mobile, it cannot be grasped
through immobile concepts. Bergson
hence argues that one can grasp it only
through his method of intuition. Two
images from Henri Bergson¡¯s An
Introduction to Metaphysics may help
one to grasp Bergson's term intuition,
the limits of concepts, and the ability
of intuition to grasp the absolute. The
first image is that of a city.

Analysis, or the creation of concepts
through the divisions of points of
view, can only ever give us a model of
the city through a construction of
photographs taken from every possible
point of view, yet it can never give us
the dimensional value of walking in the
city itself. One can only grasp this
through intuition; likewise the
experience of reading a line of Homer.

One may translate the line and pile
commentary upon commentary, but this
commentary too shall never grasp the
simple dimensional value of
experiencing the poem in its
originality itself. The method of
intuition, then, is that of getting
back to the things themselves.

[Elan vital]
Elan vital ranks as Bergson's third
essential concept, after Duration and intuition.

An idea with the goal of explaining evolution,
the Elan vital first appeared in 1907¡¯s Creative Evolution.

Bergson portrays Elan vital as a kind of vital impetus
which explains evolution in a less mechanical
and more lively manner, as well as accounting for
the creative impulse of mankind.

This concept led several authors to characterize Bergson
as a supporter of vitalism—although he criticized
it explicitly in The Creative Evolution, as he thought,
against Driesch and Johannes Reinke (whom he cited)
that there is neither "purely internal finality nor
clearly cut individuality in nature":

Hereby lies the stumbling block of vitalist theories (...)
It is thus in vain that one pretends to reduce finality
to the individuality of the living being.

If there is finality in the world of life,
it encompasses the whole of life in one indivisible embrace.

[Laughter]
In Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic,
Bergson develops a theory not of laughter itself
but of how laughter can be provoked
(see his objection to Delage, published in the
23rd edition of the essay).

He describes the process of laughter
(refusing to give a conceptual
definition which would not approach its reality),
used in particular by comics and clowns,
as the caricature of the mechanism nature of humans
(habits, automatic acts, etc.), one of the two tendencies
of life (degradation towards inert matter and mechanism,
and continual creation of new forms).

However, Bergson warns us that
laughter¡¯s criterion of what should be
laughed at is not a moral criterion and
that it can in fact cause serious
damage to a person¡¯s self-esteem. This
essay made his opposition to the
Cartesian theory of the animal-machine obvious.

(from naver.com wikipedia.org ³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú ³ª¹«À§Å° µî,
Ãßõ À¯Æ©ºê µ¿¿µ»ó,
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Creative evolution, Continental, Continual Creation, Influence(+) ~
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Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C+


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