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¸°´Þ-Tomas Lindahl,2015³ëº§»ó,Sweden/England | ||
Å丶½º ¸°´Þ (Tomas Lindahl) ¿¬±¸ÀÎ, 2015³ëº§ÈÇлó ¼ö»óÀÚ [Ãâ»ý] 1938³â 1¿ù 28ÀÏ ½º¿þµ§ ½ºÅåȦ¸§ [½º¿þµ§ ½ºÅåȦ¸§ ¿©Çà] [±¹Àû] ½º¿þµ§ÀÎ, ±ÍÈÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÎ (ÀÌÁß ±¹Àû) [¼Ò¼Ó] ÇÁ·£½Ã½º Å©¸¯ ¿¬±¸¼Ò (¸í¿¹¼ÒÀå) [ºÐ¾ß] ¾Ï ¿¬±¸, DNA º¹±¸ [Çз»çÇ×] ~ 1970 Ä«·Ñ¸°½ºÄ«¿¬±¸¼Ò ´ëÇпø ÀÇÇÐ ¹Ú»ç ~ 1967 Ä«·Ñ¸°½ºÄ«¿¬±¸¼Ò ´ëÇпø ¹Ú»ç [°æ·Â»çÇ×] ¿µ±¹ ¾Ï¿¬±¸¼Ò(CRUK) ¸í¿¹¼ÒÀå ¿µ±¹ ÇÁ·£½Ã½º Å©¸¯ ¿¬±¸¼Ò ¸í¿¹¼ÒÀå 1986 ~ 2005 ¿µ±¹ Ŭ·¹¾î Ȧ ¿¬±¸¼Ò µð·ºÅÍ 1981 ¿µ±¹ ¿Õ¸³ ¾Ï¿¬±¸±â±Ý(ICRF) ¿¬±¸¿ø 1978 ~ 1982 ½º¿þµ§ ¿¹Å׺¸¸®´ëÇб³ ÀÇÇÐ »ýÈÇÐ ±³¼ö [¼ö»ó³»¿ª] 2015 ³ëº§ÈÇлó 2010 ¿µ±¹¿Õ¸³ÇÐȸ ÄÚÇø® ¸Þ´Þ 2007 ¿µ±¹¿Õ¸³ÇÐȸ ·Î¿ ¸Þ´Þ [¿ä¾à] Å丶½º ¸°´Þ(Tomas Lindahl, 1938³â 1¿ù 28ÀÏ ~ )Àº ½º¿þµ§ ½ºÅåȦ¸§¿¡¼ ÅÂ¾î³ °úÇÐÀÚ·Î ¾Ï ¿¬±¸ÀÇ Àü¹®°¡À̸ç, 2015³â ³ëº§ ÈÇлóÀ» ¼ö»óÇÏ¿´´Ù. [½º¿þµ§ ½ºÅåȦ¸§ ¿©Çà] ¸°´ÞÀº Ä«·Ñ¸°½ºÄ« ¿¬±¸¼Ò¿¡¼ 1967³â ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§(PhD)¸¦, ±×¸®°í 1970³â ÀÇÇйڻç ÇÐÀ§(MD)¸¦ ÃëµæÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÇÇйڻç ÇÐÀ§ Ãëµæ ÈÄ, Å丶½º ¸°´ÞÀº ¹Ú»ç ÈÄ ¿¬±¸¿ø ¿¬±¸¸¦ ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ ´ëÇаú ·ÏÆç·¯ ´ëÇп¡¼ ¸¶Ä¡°í 1978-1982³â¿¡ ±¸ÅÙº£¸£Å© ´ëÇп¡¼ ±³¼ö·Î ÀçÁ÷À» ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ¿µ±¹À¸·Î ³Ñ¾î°¡¼ 1986-2005³â±îÁö ¿µ±¹ ÇÏÆ®ÆÛµå¼ÅÁÖ¿¡ Àִ Ŭ·¹¾î Ȧ ¿¬±¸¼Ò (Clare Hall Laboratories)¿¡¼ ÃÊ´ë ±¹ÀåÀ» Áö³Â´Ù. Å丶½º ¸°´ÞÀº 2009³â ¿¬±¸¸¦ ±×¸¸ µÎ¾úÁö¸¸ 2015³â Ŭ·¹¾î Ȧ ¿¬±¸¼Ò´Â ÇÁ·£½Ã½º Å©¸¯ ¿¬±¸¼Ò¿¡ ÇÕº´µÇ°í ÇöÀç ÇÁ·£½Ã½º Å©¸¯ ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀÇ ¸í¿¹ ÁöµµÀÚ·Î ³²¾ÆÀÖ´Ù. [³ëº§ÈÇлó, ¹Ì »ýÈÇÐ ±³¼ö µî 3¸í °øµ¿¼ö»ó] [»ý¾Ö È°µ¿ ¹× ¾÷Àû µî] Tomas Robert Lindahl(1938³â 1¿ù 28ÀÏ Ãâ»ý)Àº ¾Ï ¿¬±¸¸¦ Àü¹®À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ½º¿þµ§-¿µ±¹ °úÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. 2015³â¿¡ ¸°´ÞÀº DNA º¹±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â°è·ÐÀû ¿¬±¸·Î ¹Ì±¹ ÈÇÐÀÚ Paul L. Modrich ¹× ÅÍÅ° ÈÇÐÀÚ Aziz Sancar¿Í °øµ¿À¸·Î ³ëº§ ÈÇлóÀ» ¼ö»óÇß´Ù. LindahlÀº ½º¿þµ§ ½ºÅåȦ¸§ÀÇ Kungsholmen ¿¡¼ Folke Robert Lindahl°ú Ethel Hulda Hultberg »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ž´Ù. [½º¿þµ§ ½ºÅåȦ¸§] ¸°´ÞÀº ½ºÅåȦ¸§ ÀÇ Karolinska Institutet¿¡¼ 1967³â¿¡ ¹Ú»ç ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, 1970³â¿¡ MD ÇÐÀ§ ÀÚ°ÝÀ» ÃëµæÇß´Ù. [°æ·Â ¹× ¿¬±¸] ¿¬±¸ ¹Ú»ç ÇÐÀ§¸¦ ÃëµæÇÑ ÈÄ LindahlÀº ÇÁ¸°½ºÅÏ ´ëÇаú ·ÏÆç·¯ ´ëÇп¡¼ ¹Ú»çÈÄ ¿¬±¸¸¦ ¼öÇàÇß´Ù. ¸°´ÞÀº 1978³âºÎÅÍ 1982³â±îÁö ¿¹Å׺¸¸® ´ëÇб³¿¡¼ ÀÇÇÐ ÈÇÐ ±³¼ö·Î ÀçÁ÷Çß´Ù. ¿µ±¹À¸·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÑ ÈÄ ¸°´ÞÀº 1981³â¿¡ ¿¬±¸¿øÀ¸·Î Imperial Cancer Research Fund(Çö Cancer Research UK)¿¡ ÇÕ·ùÇß´Ù. 1986³âºÎÅÍ 2005³â±îÁö ¸°´ÞÀº Hertfordshire¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Cancer Research UKÀÇ Clare Hall LaboratoriesÀÇ (2015³âºÎÅÍ´Â ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½º Å©¸¯ ¿¬±¸¼ÒÀÇ ÀϺÎ) ù ¹ø° À̻翴´Ù. 2009³â±îÁö ±×°÷¿¡¼ °è¼Ó ¿¬±¸Çß´Ù. DNA º¹±¸¿Í ¾Ï À¯ÀüÇп¡ °üÇÑ ¸¹Àº ³í¹®À» ±â°íÇß´Ù. [Å丶½º ¸°´Þ: DNAÀÇ º»ÁúÀûÀÎ Ãë¾à¼º] [¼ö»ó ¹× ¿µ¿¹] LindahlÀº 1974³â¿¡ EMBO ȸ¿øÀ¸·Î ¼±ÃâµÇ¾ú°í 1988³â¿¡ ¿Õ¸³ÇÐȸ(FRS) ȸ¿øÀ¸·Î ¼±ÃâµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸°´ÞÀÇ ¼±Ãâ Áõ¸í¼´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. Tomas Lindahl ¹Ú»ç´Â ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¿Í Æ÷À¯·ù ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ºÐÀÚ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ DNA º¹±¸¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â µ¥ ±â¿©ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î À¯¸íÇÏ´Ù. ¸°´ÞÀº Æ÷À¯·ù DNA ¸®°¡Á¦¸¦ ºÐ¸®ÇÏ°í DNA Àý´Ü º¹±¸ÀÇ ¸Å°³Ã¼·Î¼ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¿¹»óÄ¡ ¸øÇÑ »õ·Î¿î DNA ±Û¸®ÄڽǶó Á¦ ±×·ìÀ» ±â¼úÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. ¸°´ÞÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Æ÷À¯·ù ¼¼Æ÷¿¡¼ DNAÀÇ ¾Ëųȿ¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀûÀÀ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ÁßÀçÇÏ´Â ¸ÞÆ¿ Æ®·£½ºÆÛ¶óÁ¦(methyltransferase)¶ó´Â µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ È¿¼Ò¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇßÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È¿¼ÒÀÇ ¹ßÇöÀÌ ada À¯ÀüÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¶ÀýµÈ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¸°´ÞÀº ºí·ë ½º ÁõÈıºÀÇ ºÐÀÚÀû °áÇÔÀÌ DNA ¸®°¡ Á¦ IÀÇ ºÎÁ·À̶ó´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹àÇû´Ù. DNA º¹±¸ °úÁ¤ÀÇ º»Áú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½É¿ÀÇÑ ÅëÂû·ÂÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °Í ¿Ü¿¡µµ ¸°´ÞÀÇ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ±â¿©´Â ¾Ï Ä¡·á¸¦ À§Çغ¸´Ù ¼±ÅÃÀûÀÎ ÈÇпä¹ý ¾à¹°ÀÇ ¼³°è¸¦ ÃËÁøÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. LindahlÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Epstein-Barr ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ B ¸²ÇÁ±¸ÀÇ º¯Çü ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» DNA ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸¹Àº Áß¿äÇÑ ±â¿©¸¦ Çß´Ù. À̵é Áß °¡Àå ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀº ´ÝÈù ¿øÇü ÀÌÁß ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º DNAÀÇ ¸²ÇÁ ¼¼Æ÷ ¿¡¼ÀÇ ¹ß»ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¼³¸íÀ̾ú´Ù. LindahlÀº 2007³â¿¡ "DNA º¹±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿¡ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ±â¿©¸¦ ÇÏ¿© ¿Õ¸³ ÇÐȸ ÀÇ ¿Õ¸³ ¸Þ´Þ "À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¸°´ÞÀÇ ¾÷ÀûÀº µ¶Ã¢¼º, Æø ¹× Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ¸·Î µÎµå·¯Áø´Ù. ¸°´ÞÀº ³ë¸£¿þÀÌ °úÇÐ ¹× ¹®ÇÐ ¾ÆÄ«µ¥¹ÌÀÇ È¸¿øÀÌ´Ù. ¸°´ÞÀº 2010³â¿¡ ÄÚÇø® ¸Þ´Þ(Copley Medal)À» ¼ö»óÇß´Ù. ¸°´ÞÀº 1998³â¿¡ ÀÇÇÐ ¾ÆÄ«µ¥¹Ì(FMedSci)ÀÇ Ã¢¸³ ¿¬±¸¿øÀ¸·Î ¼±ÃâµÇ¾ú´Ù. 2018³â¿¡´Â ±¹¸³ °úÇÐ ¾ÆÄ«µ¥¹ÌÀÇ ¿Ü±¹ ÁØȸ¿øÀ¸·Î ¼±ÃâµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸°´ÞÀº 2015³â¿¡ ³ëº§ ÈÇлóÀ» °øµ¿ ¼ö»óÇß´Ù. ½º¿þµ§ ¾ÆÄ«µ¥¹Ì´Â "2015³â ³ëº§ ÈÇлóÀº 'DNA º¹±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â°è·ÐÀû ¿¬±¸'·Î Å丶½º ¸°´Þ, Æú ¸ðµå¸®Ä¡, ¾ÆÁöÁî »êÄ«¸£¿¡°Ô °øµ¿À¸·Î ¼ö¿©µÇ¾ú´Ù."¶ó°í ¾ð±ÞÇß´Ù. [¼ö»ó°æ·Â] 1988³â Fellow of the Royal Society)·Î ¼±ÅõǾú°í, 1998³â¿¡´Â Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences·Î ¼±ÅõǾú´Ù. ¸°´ÞÀº 2007³â ·Î¿ ¸Þ´Þ°ú 2010³â ÄÚÇø® ¸Þ´ÞÀ» ¼ö»ó ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, 2015³â DNA º¹±¸ ±âÀÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸·Î ³ëº§ ÈÇлóÀ» Æú ¸ðµå¸®Ä¡, ¾ÆÁöÁî »êÀÚ¸£¿Í °øµ¿¼ö»óÇÏ¿´´Ù. ==================================== ½º¿þµ§ ¿Õ¸³°úÇпø ³ëº§À§¿øȸ´Â 7ÀÏ ³ëº§ ÈÇлó ¼ö»óÀÚ·Î DNA ¼öÁ¤ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁò ¿¬±¸¿¡ °øÇåÀ» ÇÑ Å丶½º ¸°´Þ, Æú ¸ðµå¸®Ä¡, ¾ÆÁö »êÀÚ¸£ µî 3¸íÀ» ¼±Á¤Çß´Ù°í ¹àÇû´Ù. »ó±ÝÀº 800¸¸ Å©·Î³ª(ÇÑÈ ¾à 11¾ï2õ¸¸¿ø)ÀÌ¸ç ½Ã»ó½ÄÀº â½ÃÀÚ ¾ËÇÁ·¹µå ³ëº§ÀÇ ±âÀÏÀÎ 12¿ù10ÀÏ ½º¿þµ§ ½ºÅåȦ¸§°ú ³ë¸£¿þÀÌ ¿À½½·Î¿¡¼ ¿¸°´Ù. ¼Õ»óµÈ DNA¸¦ º¹±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁò ¿¬±¸·Î Àηù¿¡ °øÇåÇÑ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¿ÃÇØ ³ëº§ÈÇÐ»ó ¿µ¿¹¸¦ ¾È¾Ò´Ù. ½º¿þµ§ ¿Õ¸³°úÇпø ³ëº§À§¿øȸ´Â Å丶½º ¸°´Þ ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÅ©¸¯¿¬±¸¼Ò ¹Ú»ç(½º¿þµ§), Æú ¸ðµå¸®Ä¡ µàÅ©´ë ±³¼ö(¹Ì±¹), ¾ÆÁöÁî »óÄ« ³ë½ºÄ³·Ñ¶óÀ̳ª´ë ±³¼ö(¹Ì±¹¡¤ÅÍÅ°)¸¦ 2015³â ³ëº§ÈÇлó ¼ö»óÀÚ·Î ¼±Á¤Çß´Ù°í 7ÀÏ ¹àÇû´Ù. ³ëº§À§¿øȸ´Â ¡°¼ö»óÀÚµéÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ¼¼Æ÷°¡ ¼Õ»óµÈ DNA¸¦ º¹±¸ÇÏ°í À¯ÀüÁ¤º¸¸¦ ÁöÅ°´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºÐÀÚ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼ ¹àÇô³Â´Ù¡±¸é¼ ¡°À̵éÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â ¾î¶»°Ô »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â ¼¼Æ÷°¡ ±â´ÉÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ÀÌÇظ¦ Á¦°øÇß°í »õ·Î¿î ¾Ï Ä¡·á¹ýÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ°´Âµ¥ ±â¿©Çß´Ù¡±°í ¼±Á¤ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. DNA ¹ß°ß ÀÌÈÄ 1970³â´ë ÃʱîÁö °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº DNA°¡ ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ ±¸Á¶¸¦ °¡Á³À» °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢Çß´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸°´Þ ¹Ú»ç°¡ DNA°¡ ±¸Á¶ÀûÀ¸·Î Ãë¾àÇÏ°í DNA¿¡ ¿°±â¼¿ ÇüÅ·Πµé¾îÀÖ´Â Á¤º¸µµ ½±°Ô ¼Õ»óµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¼Õ»óµÈ DNA°¡ »ýü ³»¿¡¼ ´Ù¾çÇÑ °úÁ¤À» ÅëÇØ º¹±¸µÇ´Âµ¥, ¿ÃÇØ ¼ö»óÀÚµéÀº ÀÌ º¹±¸ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀ» ã¾Æ³Â´Ù. ¸°´ÞÀº ¿°±âÀý´Ü º¹±¸, ¸ðµå¸®Ä¡´Â ºÎÁ¤ÇÕ º¹±¸, »óÄ«´Â ´ºÅ¬¸®¿ÀƼµå ÀýÁ¦ º¹±¸ ¹æ¹ýÀ» °¢°¢ ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. À̵éÀÇ ¿¬±¸´Â 1970³â´ë¿Í 1980³â´ë¿¡ ÀÌ·ïÁø °ÍÀ¸·Î ¼ö½Ê³âÀÌ Áö³ µÚ ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í Á߿伺À» ÀÎÁ¤¹ÞÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î Æò°¡µÈ´Ù. Á¶±ÔºÀ ¼°´ë ÈÇаú ±³¼ö´Â ¡°¸ö¼ÓÀÇ È¿¼Ò°¡ DNA¸¦ Ž»öÇÏ´Ù°¡ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¹ß°ßµÇ¸é À߸øµÈ ºÎºÐÀ» ¶â¾î³»´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î DNA¸¦ º¹±¸Çϴµ¥, ¿©·¯ º¹±¸ ¹æ½Ä Áß ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ» ã¾Æ³½ ¼º°ú¡±¶ó¸ç ¡°DNA º¹±¸ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀÌ ¹àÇôÁö¸é¼ ÀÌ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁòÀÌ Á¦´ë·Î ÀÛµ¿ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷Àº ¾Ï µî Áúȯ¿¡ °É¸± °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù´Â »ç½Çµµ ¾Ë°Ô µÆ´Ù¡±°í ¼³¸íÇß´Ù. ==================================== Tomas Lindahl [Born] Tomas Robert Lindahl 28 January 1938 [Nationality] Sweden [Fields] Cancer research [Institutions] London Research Institute Princeton University Rockefeller University [Alma mater] Karolinska Institutet (PhD) [Thesis] On the structure and stability of nucleic acids in solution (1967) [Known for] Clarification of cellular resistance to carcinogens [Notable awards] FMedSci FRS (1988) Royal Medal (2007) Copley Medal (2010) Nobel Prize (2015) Tomas Robert Lindahl FRS FMedSci (born 28 January 1938) is a Swedish scientist specialising in cancer research. In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with American chemist Paul L. Modrich and Turkish chemist Aziz Sancar for mechanistic studies of DNA repair. [Education] Lindahl got his PhD in 1967, and a Doctor of Medicine qualification in 1970, from the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm. [Career] Following his PhD, Lindahl did postdoctoral research at Princeton University and Rockefeller University. After moving to the United Kingdom he joined the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (now Cancer Research UK) as a researcher in 1981. [Awards and honours] Lindahl received the Royal Medal for "making fundamental contributions to our understanding of DNA repair. His achievements stand out for their great originality, breadth and lasting influence." He is a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 2007 and the Copley Medal in 2010. He was elected a founding Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences in 1998. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1988, his certificate of election reads: ¡° Dr. Tomas Lindahl is noted for his contributions to the comprehension of DNA repair at the molecular level in bacterial and mammalian cells. He was the first to isolate a mammalian DNA ligase and to describe a totally unanticipated novel group of DNA glycosylases as mediators of DNA excision repair. He has also discovered a unique class of enzymes in mammalian cells, namely the methyltransferases, which mediate the adaptive response to alkylation of DNA and has shown that the expression of these enzymes is regulated by the ada gene. More recently he has elucidated the molecular defect in Blooms syndrome to be the lack of DNA ligase I. Apart from providing profound insights into the nature of the DNA repair process his very important contributions promise to facilitate the design of more selective chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancer. Lindahl has also made a number of significant contributions to understanding at the DNA level the mechanism of transformation of B-lymphocytes by the Epstein-Barr virus. The most notable of these was the first description of the occurrence in lymphoid cells of closed circular duplex viral DNA. ¡± He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2015. --------------------------- The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2015 to Tomas Lindahl Francis Crick Institute and Clare Hall Laboratory, Hertfordshire, UK Paul Modrich Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA and Aziz Sancar University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ¡°for mechanistic studies of DNA repair" ---------- The cells¡¯ toolbox for DNA repair The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 is awarded to Tomas Lindahl, Paul Modrich and Aziz Sancar for having mapped, at a molecular level, how cells repair damaged DNA and safeguard the genetic information. Their work has provided fundamental knowledge of how a living cell functions and is, for instance, used for the development of new cancer treatments. Each day our DNA is damaged by UV radiation, free radicals and other carcinogenic substances, but even without such external attacks, a DNA molecule is inherently unstable. Thousands of spontaneous changes to a cell¡¯s genome occur on a daily basis. Furthermore, defects can also arise when DNA is copied during cell division, a process that occurs several million times every day in the human body. The reason our genetic material does not disintegrate into complete chemical chaos is that a host of molecular systems continuously monitor and repair DNA. The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2015 awards three pioneering scientists who have mapped how several of these repair systems function at a detailed molecular level. In the early 1970s, scientists believed that DNA was an extremely stable molecule, but Tomas Lindahl demonstrated that DNA decays at a rate that ought to have made the development of life on Earth impossible. This insight led him to discover a molecular machinery, base excision repair, which constantly counteracts the collapse of our DNA. Aziz Sancar has mapped nucleotide excision repair, the mechanism that cells use to repair UV damage to DNA. People born with defects in this repair system will develop skin cancer if they are exposed to sunlight. The cell also utilises nucleotide excision repair to correct defects caused by mutagenic substances, among other things. Paul Modrich has demonstrated how the cell corrects errors that occur when DNA is replicated during cell division. This mechanism, mismatch repair, reduces the error frequency during DNA replication by about a thousandfold. Congenital defects in mismatch repair are known, for example, to cause a hereditary variant of colon cancer. The Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 2015 have provided fundamental insights into how cells function, knowledge that can be used, for instance, in the development of new cancer treatments. (from naver.com wikipedia.org ¿¬ÇÕ´º½º etnews.com µî) Clarification,Cellular,Carcinogens,Chemistry,Cancer,influence(+ )~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C+
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