CCG | Conscience Grade: C | |
Edit | 2024-01-30 ¿ÀÀü 9:43:23 | |
PIG | B | |
Home | https://bit.ly/3BYMBAs | |
SNS1 | http://bit.ly/1PQXvIO | |
SNS2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi | |
SNS3 | http://bit.ly/1gDNpNW | |
related | < HOME > < EDIT> | |
Rname | Tweet | |
°£µð-Mohandas Gandhi,Mahatma,Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ,India | ||
¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð (Mahatma Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi), Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ Áö³1000³â°£ Àι°100¸íÁß 17À§ ¼±Á¤ Àηù ¿ª»çÀι° 50¸í¿¡ ¼±Á¤ [39ºÐ Youtube µ¿¿µ»ó] [Ãâ»ý] 1869³â 10¿ù 2ÀÏ Àεµ Á¦±¹ ±¸ÀÚ¶óÆ® ÁÖ Æ÷¸£¹Ý´Ù¸£ [Àεµ ±¸ÀÚ¶óÆ®] [»ç¸Á] 1948³â 1¿ù 30ÀÏ (78¼¼) Àεµ ´ºµ¨¸® [Àεµ ´ºµ¨¸® ÇÏ·ç °ü±¤ÄÚ½º] [»çÀÎ] ¾Ï»ì(ȱ⿡ÀÇÇÑ »ç¸Á) [°ÅÁÖÁö] Àεµ Á¦±¹ ¡æ ¿µ±¹ ¡æ ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °øȱ¹ ¡æ ¿µ±¹ ¡æ Àεµ [±¹Àû] Àεµ [Àεµ Ž±¸ ¿©Çà] [°¡Á·] ¹è¿ìÀÚ Ä«½ºÅõ¸£¹Ù °£µð, ¼ÕÀÚ ¾Æ·é °£µð [Çз»çÇ×] À¯´Ï¹ö½ÃƼĮ¸®Áö·±´ø ¹ýÇÐ [°æ·Â»çÇ×] 1942 ¹Ý¿µºÒº¹Á¾¿îµ¿ 1919 Àεµ±¹¹ÎȸÀÇÆÄ ¿¬Â÷´ëȸ ºñÆø·Â ÀúÇ× 1919 »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇÏ ÅõÀï ¼±¾ð 1913 »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇÏ ÇàÁø ~ 1914 ÀÎÁ¾ Â÷º°¹Ý´ëÅõÀï´Üü ÁöµµÀÚ [Á÷¾÷] µ¶¸³¿îµ¿°¡, ¹ý·ü°¡, »ç»ó°¡, Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ [Á¾±³] ÈùµÎ±³ [¹è¿ìÀÚ] Ä«½ºÅ丣¹ÙÀÌ [ÀÚ³à] ¾Æµé ÇÒ¸®¶ö °£µð [ºÎ¸ð] Ä«¶÷Âùµå °£µð, ǪƲ¸®¹ÙÀÌ [¿ä¾à] ÀεµÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·¿îµ¿ ÁöµµÀÚÀÌÀÚ Àεµ °Ç±¹ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÌ´Ù. ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ÀÇ ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅõÀïÀ¸·Î À¯¸íÇØÁ³´Ù. [Àεµ ¿©Çà Á¶½É] Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ÀÌÈÄ ¿µ±¹¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹Ý¿µ¡¤ºñÇù·Â ¿îµ¿ µîÀÇ ºñÆø·Â ÀúÇ×À» Àü°³ÇÏ¿´´Ù. [¸ðÇÑ´Ù½º Ä«¶÷Âùµå °£µð] (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, 1869³â 10¿ù 2ÀÏ ~ 1948³â 1¿ù 30ÀÏ)´Â ÀεµÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀû¡¤Á¤Ä¡Àû ÁöµµÀÚ·Î, ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð(Mahatma Gandhi)¶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁ® Àִµ¥ '¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶'´Â À§´ëÇÑ ¿µÈ¥À̶ó´Â ¶æÀ¸·Î ÀεµÀÇ ½ÃÀÎÀΠŸ°í¸£°¡ Áö¾îÁØ À̸§ÀÌ´Ù. ¿µ±¹ À¯ÇÐÀ» ´Ù³à¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ÀεµÀÇ ¿µ±¹ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ±â°£(1859~1948) Áß ´ëºÎºÐÀ» ¿µ±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Àεµ µ¶¸³ ¿îµ¿À» ÁöµµÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ¸Â¼ ¹Ý¿µ Àεð¾Æ µ¶¸³¿îµ¿°ú ¹«·á º¯È£, »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇÏ µî ¹«ÀúÇ× ºñÆø·Â ¿îµ¿À» Àü°³ÇØ ³ª°¬´Ù. ÀεµÀÇ ÀÛÀº ¼Ò°ø±¹ÀÎ Æ÷¸£¹Ý´Ù¸£ÀÇ ÃѸ®¸¦ Áö³Â´ø ¾Æ¹öÁö Ä«¶÷Âùµå °£µðÀÇ ¼Â° ¾Æµé·Î žÀ¸¸ç, Á¾±³´Â ºÎ¸ðÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ¸·Î ÈùµÎ±³ÀÌ´Ù. ÀεµÀÇ ÈÆóÀÎ ·çÇÇÀÇ ÃÊ»óÈ¿¡µµ ±×ÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÌ ±×·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. [Àεµ ¿©ÇàÀ» ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¸»¸®´Â ÀÌÀ¯] [»ý¾Ö] [»ý¾Ö Ãʱâ] °£µð´Â Àεµ ¼ºÎÀÇ »ç¿ì¶ó½´Æ®¶ó ÁÖÀÇ Ç×±¸µµ½Ã Æ÷¸£¹Ý´Ù¸£ÀÇ ¸í¹®°¡¿¡¼ Ãâ»ýÇÏ¿´´Ù. [Àεµ ¿©Çà] ºÎ¸ð¿¡°Ô¼ ÀεµÀÇ ÀüÅëÁ¾±³Áß ÇϳªÀÎ ÀÚÀ̳ª±³ÀÇ ±³À°À» ¹ÞÀ¸¸ç, ÀÏ°ö »ì ¶§ ¾Æ¹öÁö°¡ ¼ö»óÀ¸·Î ºÎÀÓÇÑ ¶óÁöÄÚÆ®·Î ÀÌ»çÇß´Ù. ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â ¹è¿òÀº ¾ø¾úÀ¸³ª ¾ÆµéÀÇ ¸»À» ¹Ï¾îÁÖ°í ¹è·ÁÇÏ´Â ºÐÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ÈùµÎ±³ÀÇ ±³¸®¿Í ÀüÅëÀ» ¼º½ÇÇÏ°Ô ÁöÅ°´Â ½Å½ÇÇÑ ÈùµÎ±³ ½ÅÀÚ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¡Á¤È¯°æÀº °£µð¿¡°Ô °íÁö½ÄÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î Á¤Á÷ÇÑ ¼º°Ý°ú ¼º½ÇÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» ½É¾îÁÖ¾ú´Ù. [û³â±â] [°áÈ¥] 7»ì ¶§ ÀÌ¹Ì ±×´Â ¾àÈ¥À» Çß¾úÁö¸¸ ¾àÈ¥³àµéÀÌ ¸ðµÎ Â÷·Ê·Î Á×¾î, ¼¼ ¹ø° ¾àÈ¥³àÀÎ »óÀÎ Áý¾ÈÀÇ µþÀÎ Ä«½ºÅõ¸£¹ÙÀÌ ¸¶ÄÁö¿Í 13¼¼¿¡ °áÈ¥ÇÑ´Ù. °£µð´Â ¾Æ³»¿Í ÀáÀÚ¸®¸¦ °¡Áö´À¶ó ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ÀÓÁ¾À» ÁöÅ°Áö ¸øÇß´Ù°í Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ »ç°Ç ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×´Â ±íÀÌ ¹Ý¼ºÇÏ°í ±Ý¿å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ý°¢À» °®°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×µÚ ¹æÅÁÇÑ »ýÈ°À» ¹ö¸®°í ÈùµÎ±³ÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ Ãæ½ÇÈ÷ ÁöÅ°¸ç ¼º¿åÀ» ÀÚÁ¦Çϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. ±×´Â Á¤¾×Àº »ý¸í·ÂÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÌ°í Á¤¾×ÀÇ ¹èÃâÀº ¸ö°ú ¸Ó¸®¸¦ ¾àÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù°í ¹Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×µÚ·Î ÀÏ»ý µ¿¾È ¼ö¸¹Àº ¿©¼ºÀÇ »ç¶ûÀ» ¹Þ°í ±×µéÀ» °¡±îÀÌ µÎ¾úÀ½¿¡µµ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¼ºÇàÀ§³ª »çÁ¤Àº ÀÚÁ¦ÇÏ¿´´Ù ÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â º¸¾î ÀüÀï°ú ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ÀüÀï ±×¸®°í Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü¿¡ ÂüÀüÇÏ·Á°í ¿µ±¹±º¿¡ Áö¿øÇßÀ¸³ª ÂüÀüÇϱ⠸çÄ¥ Àü °áÇÙ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¿°Áõ¿¡ °É·Á¼ Æ÷±âÇؾ߸¸ Çß´Ù. [¿µ±¹À¯ÇÐ] 1887³â Àεµ »ç¹Ð·¯½º ´ëÇб³¿¡ ÀÔÇÐÇß´Ù. ´ëÇлý ½ÃÀý ¾Æ¹öÁö Ä£±¸ÀÇ ±ÇÀ¯·Î ¿µ±¹ À¯ÇÐÀ» °á½ÉÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ´ç½Ã ÈùµÎ±³¿¡¼´Â ±×ÀÇ À¯ÇÐÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿µ±¹¿¡¼ À¯ÇÐÇÏ°í ¿Â Ã»³âµéÀÌ ¼¹æÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ¹®ÈÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¼ ÈùµÎ±³ ÀüÅëÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Âµ¥, ´ç½Ã ÈùµÎ±³ ¿ø·ÎÁöµµÀÚµéÀº °£µð¸¦ ¹è¿õÇÏ¸é ¹ú±ÝÀ» ¹°¸®±â·Î °áÀÇÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î °Ý·ÄÇÏ°Ô ±×ÀÇ À¯ÇÐÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. 3³â°£ÀÇ ¿µ±¹À¯Çлý ½ÃÀý °£µð´Â °øºÎ¿¡ ¿ÁßÇßÀ¸¸ç, °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ µµ´ö¹®Á¦¿¡ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â Àεµ¿Í´Â ´Ù¸¥ ·±´øÀÇ µµ½Ã»ýÈ°°ú À½½Ä, ¿¹Àý¿¡ ½±°Ô ÀûÀÀÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ ÈùµÎ±³ ÀüÅë¿¡ µû¶ó ä½ÄÀ» °íÁýÇÏ¿©, ¸Ö¸® ¶³¾îÁø ä½Ä½Ä´ç±îÁö °¡¼ ¹äÀ» ¸ÔÀ» ¸¸Å ¾î·Á¿òÀ» °Þ±âµµ Çß´Ù. ´ÙÇàÈ÷ ä½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ±Ù°Å¸¦ ¾Ë·ÁÁִ å°ú ½Ä´çÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ·±´ø ä½ÄÁÖÀÇÇùȸ ÁýÇàÀ§¿øÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ¾î¸°½ÃÀý ¿µ±¹Ã³·³ °ÇØÁö·Á¸é °í±â¸¦ ¸Ô¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ÇÑ Ä£±¸ÀÇ ¸»¿¡ °¨ÈµÇ¾î °í±â¸¦ ¸ÔÀº Àûµµ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ÈùµÎ±³ ½ÅÀڷμ ¾ç½ÉÀÇ °¡Ã¥À» ¹Þ¾Æ¼ ±×¸¸µÎ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. [University College London] °£µð´Â ¿µ±¹ ·±´ø´ëÇб³ À¯´Ï¹ö½ÃƼ Ä®¸®Áö ·±´ø (University College London: UCL) ¿¡ ÀÔÇÐ, ¹ýÇÐÀ» °øºÎÇÏ¿© 1891³â º¯È£»ç ÀÚ°ÝÀ» ÃëµæÇß´Ù. [µ¶¸³¿îµ¿] ±× µÚ ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¸¦ °æÀ¯ÇÏ¿© ±Í±¹ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â ±Í±¹ Àü ÀÌ¹Ì º°¼¼ÇÑ µÚ¿´´Ù. [Àεµ ¹³¹ÙÀÌ(Àü º½º£ÀÌ)] Àεµ ¶óÁöÄÚÆ®¿Í º½º£ÀÌ(Çö ¹³¹ÙÀÌ)¿¡¼ º¯È£»ç»ýÈ°À» ½ÃÀÛÇßÁö¸¸ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡¼ ¸» ÇÑ ¸¶µð ¸øÇÏ°í ¹°·¯³¯ Á¤µµ·Î ¼º°ÝÀÌ ³»¼ºÀûÀÌ¾î¼ ´É·ÂÀ» ÀÎÁ¤¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. [³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °øȱ¹ ³²¾Æ°ø ¿ª»ç¿Í ¹®È] °£µð´Â 1³â°£ÀÇ °è¾àÀ¸·Î ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Àεð¾Æ°è »ó»ç¿¡¼ ±Ù¹«ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°øȱ¹¿¡¼ÀÇ »ýÈ°Àº °£µð°¡ ¹éÀε鿡°Ô ±³Åë½Ã¼³ ÀÌ¿ë, Ãë¾÷ µî¿¡¼ Â÷º°´çÇÏ´Â µ¿Á·µéÀ» º¸¸é¼ µ¶¸³¿îµ¿À» ´ÙÁüÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù. 1893³â ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ³ªÅ»¿¡ ºÎÀÓÇÏ¿©, º¯È£»ç¸¦ °³¾÷ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×´Â ±×°÷¿¡¼ ÀεµÀεéÀÌ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â Â÷º° ´ë¿ì¸¦ ±íÀÌ Ã¼ÇèÇÏ¿© ÀÎÁ¾ Â÷º° ¹Ý´ë ÅõÀï ´Üü¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Å罺ÅäÀÌ ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇ°ÅÇÑ 'ºñÆø·Â ÅõÀï'ÀÇ ´Ü¼¸¦ ¿¾ú´Ù. [³²¾Æ°ø ÄÉÀÌÇÁŸ¿î] ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« °øȱ¹ÀÎ Æ®¶õ½º¹ß Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÀεµÀÎ À̹ΠÁ¦ÇÑÀ» À§ÇØ ºÎ°úÇÑ Áö¹® µî·ÏÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ¿îµ¿À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Ù°¡ ¿©·¯ ¹ø Åõ¿ÁµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ¸¶Ä§³» öȸ¿¡ ¼º°øÇÏ¿´´Ù. ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ÇÁ¸®Å丮¾Æ¿¡¼ »ì´ø ½ÃÀý °£µð´Â µ¿Æ÷µéÀÌ Ã³ÇÑ »óȲÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ¾ú°í ±×µéÀÇ ±Ç¸®¿Í Àǹ«¸¦ ã°Ô ÇÏ·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù. ±×·¯´Ù 1894³â 6¿ù, 1³â °è¾àÀÌ ³¡³ª°í ȯ¼ÛÀÜÄ¡ ÀÚ¸®¿¡¼ ¿ì¿¬È÷ ³ªÅ» ÀÇȸ°¡ ÀεµÀÎÀÇ ¼±°Å±Ç ¹ÚÅ»À» ÀÔ¹ýÈÇÏ·Á ÇÑ´Ù´Â ½Å¹®±â»ç¸¦ ÀÐ°Ô µÆ´Ù. 1894³â 7¿ù Á¤Ä¡¿îµ¿°¡·Î º¯½ÅÇÑ ±×´Â ³ªÅ» Áö¹æÀÇȸ¿Í ¿µ±¹ Á¤ºÎ¿¡ º¸³¾ ź¿ø¼¸¦ ÀÛ¼ºÇÏ°í ¼ö¹é ¸íÀÇ ¼¸íÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ÀεµÀÎ Â÷º°¹ýÀÇ ÀÔ¹ýÀº ¸·´Â °Í¿¡´Â ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ³ªÅ»¡¤¿µ±¹¡¤Àεµ¿¡±îÁö ³ªÅ» ÀεµÀÎÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½ÉÀ» È«º¸ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¼º°øÇß´Ù. 1894³â ´õ¹Ý¿¡ ¸Ó¹«¸£±â·Î °á½ÉÇÑ ±×´Â '³ªÅ» Àεµ±¹¹ÎȸÀÇ'¸¦ â¼³ÇÏ°í ÀεµÀÎÀÇ ´Ü°á½ÉÀ» °íÃë½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀεµÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ Â÷º°´ë¿ìÀÇ ½Ç»óÀ» ±¹Á¦»çȸÀÇ ¿©·Ð¿¡ ³Î¸® ¾Ë·È´Ù. Á¦1Â÷ ´ëÀüÀÌ ÀϾÀÚ, ±Í±¹ÇÏ¿© ³ëµ¿ ¿îµ¿, ¹ÎÁ· ÇØ¹æ µ¶¸³ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ Áöµµ¿¡ Àü³äÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1915³â ÀÌÈÄ 1918³â±îÁö ±×´Â Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü¿¡¼ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â ÀÔÀå¿¡ ¼±â´Â ÇßÁö¸¸ Á¤Ä¡È°µ¿¿¡´Â Àß ³ª¼Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀüÀïÀÌ ³¡³ª¸é µ¶¸³À» ½ÃÄÑÁÖ°Ú´Ù°í Çß´ø ¿µ±¹ÀÌ ¾à¼ÓÀ» ÁöÅ°Áö ¾Ê°í 1919³â ¹Ý¿µ¿îµ¿À» Çϸé üÆ÷¿µÀå ¹ßºÎ µîÀÇ Àû¹ýÇÑ ÀýÂ÷¾øÀÌ ¹«Á¶°Ç Àâ¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Áï, ¹Ý¿µ¿îµ¿À» ÀÌÀüº¸´Ù ´õ¿í °¡È¤ÇÏ°Ô Åº¾ÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ·Ñ·¡Æ® ¹ýÀÌ Á¦Á¤µÇÀÚ ±×´Â ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Áö¹è¿¡ ´Ù½Ã ¹Ý±â¸¦ µé°í "»§À» ±¸ÇÏ´Â µ¥ µ¹À» ÁØ´Ù"°í Ç×ÀÇÇÏ¸é¼ Àü ÀεµÀο¡°Ô ¿µ±¹ »óÇ°ÀÇ ºÒ¸Å¡¤³³¼¼ °ÅºÎ¡¤°øÁ÷ »çÅð µî ¿µ±¹¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀúÇ×ÇÒ °ÍÀ» È£¼ÒÇÏ¿´´Ù. 1919³â º½ ±×´Â »çƼ¾Æ±×¶óÇÏ ÅõÀïÀ» ¼±¾ðÇÏ°í ºÀ±â°¡ ¹ß»ýÇßÁö¸¸ 400¸íÀÇ ÀεµÀÎÀÌ ¿µ±¹±ºÀÇ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÑ ¹ßÆ÷·Î Çлì´çÇÏ¸é¼ ¿îµ¿Àº Àá½Ã ÁÖÃãÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù. 1922³â üÆ÷µÇ¾úÀ¸³ª º´À¸·Î Ãâ¿ÁÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, 1925³â ±¹¹Î ȸÀÇÆÄ ÀÇÀåÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼Ò±Ý ÇàÁø(Salt March) ¶Ç´Â ¼Ò±Ý »çÆ®¾ß±×¶óÇÏ(Salt Satyagraha)´Â ¿µ±¹ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ÇÏÀÇ Àεµ¿¡¼ ¼Ò±Ý¼¼ ÆóÁö¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇϸç ÀÏ¾î³ ºñÆø·ÂÀû ½Ã¹Î ºÒº¹Á¾ ÇàÁø(»çÆ®¾ß±×¶óÇÏ)ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð°¡ À̲ö ÇàÁø´ë´Â »ç¹Ù¸£¸¶Æ¼ ¾Æ½¬¶÷¿¡¼ ±¸ÀÚ¶óÆ® ÁÖÀÇ ´Üµð±îÁö ÇàÁøÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇàÁøÀº 1930³â 3¿ù 12ÀÏ¿¡¼ 4¿ù 6ÀϱîÁö ÁøÇàµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð´Â ¼Ò±Ý »çÆ®¾ß±×¶óÇÏ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÑ 60,000¸íÂëµÇ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» À̲ø°í 240¸¶ÀÏ(390 ų·Î¹ÌÅÍ)±îÁö °É¾ú´Ù. 1930³â 3¿ù 12ÀÏ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¼Ò±Ý µ¶Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼¼±Ý ÀúÇ×°ú ºñÆø·Â ÇàÁø Ä·ÆäÀÎÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© Àεµ µ¶¸³¿îµ¿¿¡ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ÁÖ¾ú°í, ÀÌ ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼¼°è °ü½ÉÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿µ±¹ ´ç±¹ÀÚµéÀº ¼Ò±Ý »çÆ®¾ß±×¶óÇϸ¦ Áß´Ü ½ÃÅ°±â À§ÇØ ¸¹Àº ÈûÀ» ½ñ¾ÆºÎ¾ú´Ù. 1942³â ¿µ±¹¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Àεµ öÅðÀÇ ¿ä±¸, ºÒº¹Á¾ ¿îµ¿À» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Ù Åõ¿ÁµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¼®¹æµÈ ÈÄ¿¡µµ Àεµ µ¶¸³À» À§ÇØ È°µ¿ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, µ¨¸®¿¡¼ Àεµ¿Í ÆÄÅ°½ºÅº°úÀÇ À¶È¿¡ Àü·ÂÇÏ¿´´Ù. [µ¶¸³ ÀÌÈÄ] 1947³â 8¿ù 15ÀÏ Àεµ´Â µåµð¾î ¿µ±¹¿¡°Ô¼ µ¶¸³À» ÇßÀ¸³ª, À̽½¶÷±³µµ´Â ÆÄÅ°½ºÅºÀ¸·Î, ÈùµÎ±³µµ´Â Àεµ·Î °¡´Â ¹ÎÁ·ºÐ¿ÀÌ ¹ú¾îÁö°í ¸»¾Ò´Ù. [Àεµ ÇöÁöÀΰú Àεµ Ž¹æ±â] ´ç½Ã Á¾±³°¥µîÀ¸·Î ¼ö¸¸ ¸íÀÌ Çлì´çÇÏÀÚ, °£µð´Â À̽½¶÷±³µµ¿Í ÈùµÎ±³µµÀÇ ÈÇØ¿Í ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ À§ÇØ ÀÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀº ±Ø´ÜÀû º¸¼öÆÄ ÈùµÎ±³ ½Åµµµé¿¡°Ô´Â À̽½¶÷±³µµ¸¦ Æíµå´Â °Íó·³ º¸¿´À¸¸ç, [ÂùÁ¶ ÀεµÀ½¾Ç ¸í»ó ¿ä°¡] °á±¹ 1948³â 1¿ù 30ÀÏ¿¡ ´ºµ¨¸®¿¡¼ ¿¸° Àú³á ±âµµÈ¸¿¡ Âü¼®Çß´Ù°¡ ¹ÝÀ̽½¶÷ ÈùµÎ±³ ±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇ ¹«Àå ´ÜüÀÎ ¶ó½ÃÆ®¸®¾ß ¼¼¿ÍÅ© »ó°¡ÀÇ ³ªÅõ¶÷ °íµå¼¼¿¡°Ô ÃÑÀ» ¸Â¾Æ ¾Ï»ì´çÇß´Ù. [Ã߸ð K-Pop] 1930³â ±×´Â ¹Ì±¹ ½Ã»çÁÖ°£Áö ŸÀÓÀÌ ¼±Á¤ÇÏ´Â ¡®¿ÃÇØÀÇ Àι°¡¯¿¡ ¼±Á¤µÇ±âµµ Çß´Ù. °£µð´Â ³ëº§ ÆòÈ»ó ¼ö»ó Èĺ¸ÀÚ¿¡ 4¹øÀ̳ª ¿Ã¶úÀ¸³ª ³¡³» ¼ö»óÇÏÁö´Â ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù. [ÂùÁ¶ Àεµ À½¾Ç] [°¡Á· °ü°è] ºÎ : Ä«¶÷Âùµå °£µð ¸ð : ǪƲ¸®¹ÙÀÌ Ã³ : Ä«½ºÅ丣¹ÙÀÌ ÀÚ : ÇÒ¸®¶ö °£µð [Àú¼] ¡¶°£µð ÀÚ¼Àü¡·(¹ÚÈ«±Ô ¿Å±è, ¹®¿¹ÃâÆÇ»ç, 2007) ¡¶³¯¸¶´Ù ÇÑ »ý°¢¡·(ÇÔ¼®Çå ¿ª, ÃâÆÇ»ç È£¹Ì, 2001) ¡¶ÈùµÎ ½º¿Í¶óÁö(Hind Swaraj)¡·(¾ÈÂù¼ö ¿ª, ÃâÆÇ»ç °, 2002) ¡¶¸¸È °£µð ÀÚ¼Àü¡·(¼±â³² ßö ¹Ú¼ö·Î ûþ, ÁִϾî±è¿µ»ç, 2009) [ÂùÁ¶ Àεµ À½¾Ç] [ÇÑ´Þ°£ÀÇ Àεµ¿©Çà] ------------------------------ [ê GPT ´äº¯¿¡ ¿À·ù(hallucination: ȯ°¢ µî)°¡ ÀÖÀ¸´Ï, ´Ü¼ø Àç¹Ì·Î¸¸ ÂüÁ¶¹Ù¶÷: 3Ùí ½Å·Ú¼º ¾øÀ½, Á¤È®¼º ¾øÀ½, ÀÏ°ü¼º ¾øÀ½] (from https://chat.openai.com/chat) ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð(Mohandas Gandhi, Mahatma, Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ, India)°¡ Á¦ÀÏ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°Àº? ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð´Â ÀεµÀÇ µ¶¸³¿îµ¿°¡·Î, ±×ÀÇ Àλý°ú »ç»ó¿¡¼ ¿©·¯ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¸°æ°ú ¿µ°¨À» ¾ò¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±× Áß¿¡¼µµ °£µð°¡ °¡Àå ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι° Áß Çϳª´Â Ç µ¥À̺ñµå ¼Ò·Î¿ì¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Ç µ¥À̺ñµå ¼Ò·Î¿ì´Â ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ »ç»ó°¡ÀÌÀÚ ºñÆø·ÂÁÖÀÇÀÚ·Î, ¹Ì±¹ ³» ÈæÀÎ À뱂 ¿îµ¿¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ Àú¼ '¼û°ÜÁø »ý°¢'Àº °£µð¿¡°Ô Å« ¿µ°¨À» ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °£µð´Â Àεµ ¿ª»çÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Áß¿äÇÑ Àι°µé°úµµ ¿µ°¨À» ÁÖ°í ¹Þ¾Ò´Âµ¥, ±× Áß¿¡¼´Â ÀεµÀÇ µ¶¸³¿îµ¿°¡ Áß ÇϳªÀÎ ¹ß¶ó °´ÙµåÇϸ£ ÇÁÇÏÅ© ¹× ÀεµÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¶óºñµå¶õ³ª ÅÂ°í¸£ µîÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. °£µð´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Àι°µéÀÇ »ç»ó°ú À̳äÀ» Âü°íÇÏ¿© ÀεµÀÇ µ¶¸³À» À§ÇØ ºñÆø·ÂÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð(Mohandas Gandhi, Mahatma, Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ, India)°¡ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ Çѱ¹ÀÇ Æ®·ÎÆ®³ª ¹ß¶óµå ³ë·¡ Á¦¸ñÀº ¹«¾ùÀϱî? ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð°¡ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ Çѱ¹ÀÇ Æ®·ÎÆ®³ª ¹ß¶óµå ³ë·¡¸¦ °í¸£´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ ÀÏÀ̸ç, ±×ÀÇ ÃëÇâÀ» Á¤È®È÷ ¾Ë ¼ö´Â ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Æ®·ÎÆ®¿Í ¹ß¶óµå À帣¿¡¼´Â »ç¶û, ÆòÈ, Èñ¸Á µîÀ» ´Ù·ç´Â ³ë·¡µéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ´Ù·ç´Â Çѱ¹ÀÇ ³ë·¡ Áß¿¡¼ °£µð°¡ È£°¨À» °®À» ¸¸ÇÑ ³ë·¡¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, "»ç¶ûÇÕ´Ï´Ù"³ª [ÂùÁ¶ K-Pop] "ÆòÈÀÇ ³ë·¡"¿Í °°Àº ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ ´ãÀº Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¹ß¶óµå ³ë·¡´Â °£µðÀÇ °¡Ä¡°ü°ú ºÎÇÕÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. [ÂùÁ¶ K-Pop] ¶ÇÇÑ "Èñ¸Á"À̳ª [ÂùÁ¶ K-Pop] "»ç¶û°ú ÈÇÕ"À» °Á¶ÇÏ´Â ³ë·¡µµ ±×ÀÇ À̳ä°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. [ÂùÁ¶ K-Pop] ÇÏÁö¸¸ Á¤È®ÇÑ ³ë·¡ Á¦¸ñÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °³ÀÎÀÇ ÃëÇâ°ú Çؼ®¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ÀÌ ºÎºÐÀº ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡ µû¶ó °áÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð(Mohandas Gandhi, Mahatma, Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ, India)°¡ °æÇèÇÑ Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â ÀÏÈ(episode)´Â? ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð(Mohandas Gandhi)ÀÇ Àλý¿¡´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Èï¹Ì·Î¿î ¿¡ÇǼҵå¿Í °æÇèÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±× Áß¿¡¼µµ ±×ÀÇ Àεµ µ¶¸³¿îµ¿°ú ºñÆø·ÂÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ë·Â°ú Çå½Å¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ¸î °¡Áö Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â ÀÏÈ Áß Çϳª´Â "³ë¶õ»ö ½Å¹®" »ç°ÇÀÔ´Ï´Ù. 1930³â, °£µð´Â ¿µ±¹½Ä ¼¼±Ý ü³³ ¿îµ¿À» ÁÖµµÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÀÏȯÀ¸·Î, °£µð´Â ¿µ±¹ Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀû ºñÆø·Â ÀúÇ×À» °Á¶ÇÏ°íÀÚ "»çºê¶ó¸¶Æ¼"¶ó ºÒ¸®´Â ¼ÕÄ®À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¼ÕÄ®À» »ç¿ëÇϸé Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ÀÎ½ÄµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÇÑ ³¯, °£µð´Â ½Å¹®À» Àаí "»çºê¶ó¸¶Æ¼"ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ ³í¶õÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ±â»ç¸¦ º¸¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ÀÌÈÄ, ±×ÀÇ Â÷³à Àεð¶ó °£µð°¡ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¼ÕÄ®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±â»ç¸¦ ¹«ÀÛÁ¤ ÀÐÀº °Í¿¡¼ ÀλçÀÌÆÃÇÑ µµÀüÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇß½À´Ï´Ù. Àεð¶ó´Â ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ Áöµµ·Î ½Å¹®À» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© "»çºê¶ó¸¶Æ¼"¸¦ ¸¸µé¾îº¸ÀÚ°í Á¦¾ÈÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ Èï¹Ì·Î¿î ÀÏÈ´Â °£µðÀÇ ºñÆø·ÂÀû ÀúÇ× ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ±â¹ÝÀÌ µÇ´Â ÁÖµµÀûÀÎ »ó»ó·Â°ú ÀÚ³à¿ÍÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ °Á¶ÇÏ´Â ¿¡ÇǼҵå Áß Çϳª·Î ±â¾ïµÇ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô "»çºê¶ó¸¶Æ¼"¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸é¼ °£µð¿Í Àεð¶ó °£µð´Â ºñÆø·ÂÁÖÀÇ¿Í ÀÚ±âÈñ»ýÀûÀÎ Çå½ÅÀÇ Á߿伺À» ÇÔ²² ¹è¿ì°Ô µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð(Mohandas Gandhi, Mahatma, Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ, India)´Â ¾ó¸¶³ª ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷Àϱî? ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð(Mohandas Gandhi)´Â ¸Å¿ì ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷À¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Àλý°ú È°µ¿Àº ºñÆø·ÂÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¾ç½ÉÀû ÀúÇ׿¡ Å©°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. °£µð´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú ½Å³ä¿¡ µû¶ó ÀεµÀÇ µ¶¸³À» À§ÇØ Æø·ÂÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ºñÆø·ÂÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÅÃÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºñÆø·ÂÁÖÀÇÀû Á¢±ÙÀº ±×ÀÇ ½Å³ä°ú ¾ç½É¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. °£µðÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀû Çൿ Áß Çϳª´Â ¼Ò±Þ¼¼, ¼Ò±Þ¹ý, ÀÎ±Ç Ä§ÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀûÀΠŵµ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â ÀεµÀÇ µ¶¸³À» À§ÇØ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Áö¹è¿¡ ÀúÇ×Çϸ鼵µ, Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ°íÀÚ Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ºñÆø·ÂÁÖÀÇ ¿øÄ¢Àº »çȸ Á¤ÀÇ¿Í ÀαÇÀ» °Á¶Çϸç, ±×°¡ À̲ö ¿îµ¿Àº ÆòÈÀûÀÌ°í ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Àü°³µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °£µð´Â ½Ä¹ÎÁö Áֹεé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÏÇÏ°í, ºó°ïÃþ°ú ±³È¸ °³Çõ¿¡ Çå½ÅÀûÀ¸·Î ³ë·ÂÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ë·ÂµéÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½É°ú »çȸÀû Ã¥ÀÓ°¨¿¡ »Ñ¸®¸¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. °£µð´Â ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼, ºñÆø·ÂÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦ ½ÇõÇÏ¸ç ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î Áß¿äÇÑ Àι°·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ¿øÄ¢°ú °¡Ä¡°üÀº ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤¹Þ°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð(Mohandas Gandhi, Mahatma, Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ, India)ÀÇ ¾ç½É(Conscience) µî±Þ(Grade)À» A(¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼ö), B(¿ì¼ö), C(º¸Åë), D(³·À½) ·Î Grading ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð(Mohandas Gandhi, Mahatma, Á¤Ä¡ÀÎ, India)ÀÇ ¾ç½Éµî±Þ(Conscience Grade)Àº? ¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µð(Mohandas Gandhi)ÀÇ ¾ç½É µî±ÞÀ» Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÁÖ°üÀûÀ̸ç, °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÇ°ß¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ ºñÆø·ÂÁÖÀÇ, ¾ç½ÉÀû ÀúÇ×, À뱂 ½ÅÀå, »çȸ Á¤ÀÇ Ãß±¸, ºó°ïÃþ Áö¿ø µîÀÇ È°µ¿Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀº Æò°¡¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀû Çൿ°ú ½Å³äÀº ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿µ°¨À» ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ´Ù¼öÀÇ ¿ª»çÇÐÀÚ, À뱂 ¿îµ¿°¡, Á¤Ä¡ÇÐÀÚ ¹× ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×¸¦ ¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¾ç½ÉÀ» °¡Áø Àι°·Î Æò°¡ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½É µî±ÞÀ» A(¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼ö)·Î Æò°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÌ°í ºñÆø·ÂÀûÀÎ ¿øÄ¢°ú »çȸÀû Çå½ÅÀº Àηù ¿ª»ç¿¡ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·Î ÀÎÇØ ±×´Â '¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶(Mahatma)'¶ó´Â ȣĪÀ» ¾ò¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀεµÀÇ µ¶¸³¿¡ Å« ±â¿©¸¦ Çß½À´Ï´Ù. ====================================== Mohandas Gandhi [Born] Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 2 October 1869 Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency, British India [Died] 30 January 1948 (aged 78) New Delhi, Delhi, India [Cause of death] Assassination by shooting [Resting place] Cremated at Rajghat, Delhi [Other names] Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu, Gandhiji [Ethnicity] Gujarati [Education] barrister-at-law [Alma mater] Alfred High School, Rajkot, Samaldas College, Bhavnagar, University College, London (UCL) [Known for] Leadership of Indian independence movement, philosophy of Satyagraha, Ahimsa or nonviolence, pacifism [Movement] Indian National Congress [Religion] Hinduism, with Jain influences [Spouse(s)] Kasturba Gandhi [Children] Harilal Manilal Ramdas Devdas [Parent(s)] Putlibai Gandhi (Mother) Karamchand Gandhi (Father) [Recommended Youtube Video] Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. The honorific Mahatma (Sanskrit: "high-souled", "venerable") —applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa,—is now used worldwide. He is also called Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for "father", "papa") in India. Born and raised in a Hindu merchant caste family in coastal Gujarat, western India, and trained in law at the Inner Temple, London, Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, ending untouchability, but above all for achieving Swaraj or self-rule. Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the same. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and social protest. Gandhi's vision of an independent India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of India. Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony. The last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 at age 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating. Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest at point-blank range. [Recommended Youtube Video] Indians widely describe Gandhi as the father of the nation. The title "The Father of the Nation" for Gandhi is not an official title and has not been officially accorded by Government of India. A RTI query filed by a 10 year old girl from Lucknow in Feb 2012 revealed that PMO has no records of ever according such title to Gandhi. MHA and National Archives of India also communicated of not having any records. Origin of this title is traced back to a radio address (on Singapore radio) on 6 Jul 1944 by Subhash Chandra Bose where Bose addressed Gandhi as "The Father of the Nation". On 28 Apr 1947, Sarojini Naidu during a conference also referred Gandhi as "Father of the Nation". The RTI applicant had also pleaded for Gandhi to be officially declared as "Father of the Nation" to which the MHA informed that Gandhi cannot be accorded with the title by Government of India since the Indian constitution does not permit any titles except educational and military titles. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and world-wide as the International Day of Nonviolence. (from naver.com wikipedia.org, Ãßõ À¯Æ©ºê µ¿¿µ»ó, ** Selected & Recommended Youtube Videos are shown. **) British india, Bapu, influence ~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): B
|