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Äï-Thomas Samuel Kuhn, °úÇÐöÇÐÀÚ, USA | ||
Å丶½º Äï (Thomas Kuhn, Thomas Samuel Kuhn) öÇÐÀÚ, ÀÛ°¡ [Ãâ»ý] 1922³â 7¿ù 18ÀÏ ¿ÀÇÏÀÌ¿À ÁÖ ½Å½Ã³»Æ¼ [»ç¸Á] 1996³â 6¿ù 17ÀÏ (73¼¼) ¸Þ»çÃß¼¼½º ÁÖ ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö [½Ã´ë] 20¼¼±â öÇÐ [Áö¿ª] ¼¾çöÇÐ [ÇÐÆÄ] ºÐ¼®Ã¶ÇÐ [¿¬±¸ ºÐ¾ß] °úÇÐöÇÐ [ÁÖ¿ä ¾÷Àû] Æз¯´ÙÀÓÀÇ Àüȯ, °ø¾àºÒ°¡´É¼º, Á¤»ó°úÇÐ Åä¸Ó½º »õ¹Â¾ó Äï (Thomas Samuel Kuhn, 1922³â 7¿ù 18ÀÏ - 1996³â 6¿ù 17ÀÏ)Àº ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °úÇлçÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ °úÇÐöÇÐÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ¡¶°úÇÐ Çõ¸íÀÇ ±¸Á¶¡··Î À¯¸íÇÏ´Ù. öÇÐ, ½É¸®ÇÐ, ¾ð¾îÇÐ, »çȸÇÐµî ¿©·¯ ºÐ¾ß¸¦ ¼··ÆÇÏ¿© °úÇÐöÇп¡ Å« ¾÷ÀûÀ» ³²±â¾ú´Ù. ±×¿¡ µû¸£¸é °úÇÐÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀº Á¡ÁøÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Æз¯´ÙÀÓÀÇ ±³Ã¼¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çõ¸íÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸ç ÀÌ º¯È¸¦ '°úÇÐÇõ¸í'À̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù. 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[Àú¼] °úÇÐÇõ¸íÀÇ ±¸Á¶(1962) ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½º Çõ¸í(1957) ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ±äÀå(1977) ÈæüÀ̷аú ¾çÀÚºÒ¿¬¼Ó¼º(1978) [°úÇÐ Çõ¸íÀÇ ±¸Á¶] (1)Æз¯´ÙÀÓ(paradigm) -¸ð¹ü»ç·Ê(exempler): ±³°ú¼¿¡ ÀÚÁÖ µîÀåÇÏ´Â ¿¬½À¹®Á¦³ª, ƯÁ¤ ¿¬±¸ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Â °íÀüÀû ¹®Á¦¿Í ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç¥ÁØÀû ÇعýÀÌ ÇØ´çµÈ´Ù. ¸ð¹ü »ç·Ê¸¦ °øºÎÇÏ¸é¼ ¿¬±¸ÀÚµéÀº ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Æз¯´ÙÀÓ ÇÏ¿¡¼ Ç® °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¹®Á¦·Î °£ÁֵǸç, ¾î¶² Çü½ÄÀÇ ´äÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´äÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â°¡¸¦ ¹è¿ì°Ô µÈ´Ù -Àü¹®ºÐ¾ß ±â¹Ý(disciplinary matrix): ÇÑ Æз¯´ÙÀÓÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ÀνķÐÀû, ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû °¡Á¤À̳ª, ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ °¡Á®¾ß ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ Æ¯Á¤µéÀ» Æ÷°ýÇÑ´Ù. 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(4)ÄïÀÇ ÁÖÀå¿¡ Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â »ç·Êµé ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½º ü°è°¡ ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½º ü°è¸¦ ´ëüÇÏ¿© õ¹®ÇÐÀÇ Çõ¸íÀ» ÀÌ·èÇÑ °úÁ¤À» »ìÆ캸¸é ÄïÀÇ °ßÇØ°¡ »ó´ç ºÎºÐ Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ µå·¯³´Ù. ´ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»Çؼ, ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½º ü°è´Â ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½º ü°è¿¡ ºñÇؼ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¼öÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¼±ÅÃµÈ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. Áöµ¿¼³À» ÇÙ½ÉÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½º ü°èµµ õüÀÇ ¿îµ¿Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ¿øÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ °¡Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡À» °í¼öÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡, ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½º ü°è¸¦ ±«·ÓÇû´ø Áֽɿø(epicycle)À» °ÅÀÇ ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½º ü°è¸¸ÅÀ̳ª ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëÇؾ߸¸ ¼º°øÀûÀÎ ¿¹ÃøÀ» º¸ÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·± ÀÌÀ¯·Î ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½º ü°èº¸´Ù ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½º ü°è°¡ Àý´ëÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡¼ ´Ü¼øÇ߱⿡ ¼±ÅõǾú´Ù´Â °ßÇØ´Â ¿Ã¹Ù¸£Áö ¾Ê´Ù. ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½º ü°è°¡ ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½ºÀÇ Ã¼°è¸¦ Á¦Ä¡°í õü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº» Æз¯´ÙÀÓÀÌ µÈ ÀÌÀ¯´Â, ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½º ü°èÀÇ ¸î¸î Ư¡µéÀÌ °¥¸±·¹¿À³ª ÄÉÇ÷¯, ±×¸®°í ´ºÅÏó·³ ¶È¶ÈÇÑ Çй® ÈļӼ¼´ëµé¿¡°Ô '¹ÌÀûÀ¸·Î'°ÇÑ ¸Å·ÂÀ» ÁÖ¾ú°í, ±× °á°ú ±×µéÀÌ ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½º ü°è¸¦ ´õ¿í ´õ ¸Å·ÂÀûÀΠü°è·Î ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×´Ù´Â Á¡À» µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ÄÚÆ丣´ÏÄí½º ü°è¸¦ ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ ´ºÅÏÀÇ ¿ìÁÖ·ÐÀº ÇÁÅç·¹¸¶ÀÌ¿À½º ü°è°¡ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø ¸¹Àº Çö»óµéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ¾öû³ª°Ô Å« ¼öÁ¤Ãµ±¸°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ·ç¿¡ ÇÑ ¹ø¾¿ µ¹ ¼ö Àִ°¡¿Í °°Àº ¿ªÇÐÀû ¹®Á¦µéÀ̳ª õ±¸ ¹Ù±ù¿¡ ¹«¾ùÀÌ Àִ°¡¿Í °°Àº ¿ìÁÖ·ÐÀû Áú¹®µéÀº Àǹ̾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Ä¡ºÎµÇ¾î ´õ ÀÌ»ó ³íÀǵÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÄïÀÌ ÁöÀûÇßµíÀÌ °úÇÐÇõ¸íÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¼³¸íµÇ´Â Çö»óÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÅ°´Â °Í¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸î¸î Çö»óµéÀ» ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¼³¸íÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¹«ÀǹÌÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤µµ Æ÷ÇÔÇؼ ÀϾ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ======================================== Thomas Samuel Kuhn [Born] July 18, 1922 Cincinnati, Ohio [Died] June 17, 1996 (aged 73) Cambridge, Massachusetts [Era] 20th-century philosophy [Region] Western philosophy [School] Analytic [Main interests] Philosophy of science [Notable ideas] Paradigm shift; incommensurability; "normal" science Thomas Samuel Kuhn (July 18, 1922 – June 17, 1996) was an American physicist, historian, and philosopher of science whose controversial 1962 book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was influential in both academic and popular circles, introducing the term "paradigm shift", which has since become an English-language idiom. Kuhn made several notable claims concerning the progress of scientific knowledge: that scientific fields undergo periodic "paradigm shifts" rather than solely progressing in a linear and continuous way, and that these paradigm shifts open up new approaches to understanding what scientists would never have considered valid before; and that the notion of scientific truth, at any given moment, cannot be established solely by objective criteria but is defined by a consensus of a scientific community. Competing paradigms are frequently incommensurable; that is, they are competing and irreconcilable accounts of reality. Thus, our comprehension of science can never rely wholly upon "objectivity" alone. Science must account for subjective perspectives as well, since all objective conclusions are ultimately founded upon the subjective conditioning/worldview of its researchers and participants. (from naver.com wikipedia.org ³ª¹«À§Å° µî) Competing paradigms,Comprehension of science, Influence(+)~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C
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