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Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌ-Ernest Hemingway,¼Ò¼³°¡,³ëº§»ó,USA | ||
¾î´Ï½ºÆ® Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌ [Ernest Miller Hemingway] [Ãâ»ý-»ç¸Á] 1899³â 7¿ù 21ÀÏ~1961³â 7¿ù 2ÀÏ (61¼¼) [±¹Àû] ¹Ì±¹ [È°µ¿ºÐ¾ß] ¹®ÇÐ [Ãâ»ýÁö] ¹Ì±¹ ½ÃÄ«°í ±³¿ÜÀÇ ¿ÀÅ©ÆÄÅ© [ÁÖ¿ä¼ö»ó] ǽ¸®Ã³»ó(1953), ³ëº§¹®Çлó(1954) [ÁÖ¿äÀú¼] ¡¶³ëÀΰú ¹Ù´Ù The Old Man and the Sea¡·(1952) [¿ä¾à] ¡¶³ëÀΰú ¹Ù´Ù¡·(1952)·Î ǽ¸®Ã³»ó, ³ëº§¹®ÇлóÀ» ¼ö»óÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³°¡. ±× ¿Ü¡¶¹«±â¿© Àß ÀְŶó¡·,¡¶´©±¸¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© Á¾Àº ¿ï¸®³ª¡·°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹®¸íÀÇ ¼¼°è¸¦ ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö·Î º¸°í, Àΰ£ÀÇ ºñ±ØÀûÀÎ ¸ð½ÀÀ», °£°áÇÑ ¹®Ã¼·Î ¹¦»çÇÑ 20¼¼±âÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛ°¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³°¡. ÀÚ¿¬ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ, ¶Ç´Â Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ Å׸¶³ª »ç°ÇÀ» ¹«°¨Á¤ÀÇ ³ÃȤÇÑ ÀÚ¼¼·Î ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¼ö½ÄÀ» ÀÏü »©¹ö¸®°í ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°í °ÅÄ£ ¹¦»ç·Î »ç½Ç¸¸À» ½×¾Æ ¿Ã¸®´Â Çϵ庸Àϵ幮ÇÐÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â ÀÛ°¡ÀÌ´Ù. 1953³â ǽ¸®Ã³»óÀ» ¹Þ°í 1954³â ³ëº§¹®ÇлóÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. 1899³â 7¿ù 21ÀÏ ½ÃÄ«°í ±³¿ÜÀÇ ¿ÀÅ©ÆÄÅ©¿¡¼ Ãâ»ýÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾Æ¹öÁö´Â ¼ö·Æ µî ¾ß¿Ü ½ºÆ÷Ã÷¸¦ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â Àǻ翴°í, ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â À½¾ÇÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ°í Á¾±³½ÉÀÌ µ·µ¶ÇÑ ¿©¼ºÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÎ¸ðÀÇ ¼ºÁúÀÌ ±×ÀÇ Àλý°ú ¹®Çп¡ ¹Ì¹¦ÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. °í±³½ÃÀý¿¡´Â Dzº¼ ¼±¼ö¿´À¸³ª, ½Ã¿Í ´ÜÆí¼Ò¼³À» ¾²±â ½ÃÀÛ, ±× °¡¿îµ¥¿¡´Â ÈÄ¿¡ À¯¸íÇØÁø ±×ÀÇ ¹®Ã¼(Ùþô÷)ÀÇ ¸Í¾Æ(Øðä´)°¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1917³â °í±³ Á¹¾÷ ÈÄ¿¡´Â ´ëÇп¡ ÁøÇÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ĵÀÚ½º½ÃƼÀÇ ¡¶½ºÅ¸ Star¡·Áö(òµ) ±âÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ¶§ÀÎ 1918³â Àǿ뺴À¸·Î Àû½ÊÀÚ ¾ßÀüº´¿ø ¼ö¼ÛÂ÷ ¿îÀüº´ÀÌ µÇ¾î ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ Àü¼±¿¡ Á¾±º Áß ´Ù¸®¿¡ Áß»óÀ» ÀÔ°í ¹Ð¶ó³ë À°±ºº´¿ø¿¡ ÀÔ¿ø, ÈÞÀüÀÌ µÇ¾î 1919³â ±Í±¹ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀüÈÄ Ä³³ª´Ù ¡¶Åä·ÐÅä ½ºÅ¸¡·ÁöÀÇ Æ¯ÆÄ¿øÀÌ µÇ¾î ´Ù½Ã À¯·´¿¡ °Ç³Ê°¡ °¢Áö¸¦ ½ÃÂû ¿©Çà, ±×¸®½º-ÅÍÅ° ÀüÀïÀ» º¸µµÇÏ¿´´Ù. Æĸ®¿¡¼ G.½ºÅ¸ÀÎ, E.ÆÄ¿îµå µî°ú Ä£±³¸¦ ¸ÎÀ¸¸ç âÀÛ»óÀÇ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» ¹è¿ü´Ù. 1923³â ¡¶3ÆíÀÇ ´ÜÆí°ú 10ÆíÀÇ ½Ã(ãÌ) Three Stories and Ten Poems¡·¸¦ ó³àÃâÆÇÇÏ¿´°í, 1924³â ÁַΠû¼Ò³â±âÀÇ Ã¼ÇèÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ´ÜÆíÁý ¡¶¿ì¸®µéÀÇ ½Ã´ë In Our Time¡·¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ´ÙÀ½ ÀÛÇ° ¡¶º½ÀÇ ºÐ·ù(ÝÆ×µ) The Torrents of Spring¡· (1926)¿¡ ÀÌ¾î ¹ßÇ¥µÈ ¡¶ÇØ´Â ¶Ç´Ù½Ã ¶°¿À¸¥´Ù The Sun Also Rises¡·(1926)¿¡ À̸£·¯ ±×ÀÇ ¸í¼ºÀº °áÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. Æĸ®¿Í ¿¡½ºÆijĸ¦ ¹«´ë·Î Âû³ªÀû¡¤Çâ¶ôÀûÀÎ ³²³àµéÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÀüÈÄ(îúý)ÀÇ Ç³¼ÓÀ» ¹¦»çÇÏ¿© ¡®·Î½ºÆ® Á¦³Ê·¹À̼Ç(Lost Generation)¡¯ÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛ°¡·Î Áö¸ñµÇ¾ú´Ù. 1928³â ±Í±¹, °°Àº ÇØ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ±ÇÃÑÀÚ»ì µî ¾î·Á¿î »ç°Ç¿¡ ºÎµúÈ÷°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ±× À̵ëÇØÀÎ 1929³â ÀüÀïÀÇ Ç㹫ÇÔ°ú °íÀüÀûÀÎ ºñ·ÃÀ» Å׸¶·Î ÇÑ ¡¶¹«±â¿© Àß ÀְŶó A Farewell to Arms¡·¸¦ ¿Ï¼º, ÀüÀï¹®ÇÐÀÇ °ÉÀÛÀ¸·Î¼ ±¹¿Ü¿¡¼µµ ¹ÝÇâÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. ±× ÈÄ ¿¡½ºÆijÄÀÇ Åõ¿ì¸¦ ´Ù·é ¡¶¿ÀÈÄÀÇ Á×À½ Death in the Afternoon¡·(1932), ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ÀÇ ¸Í¼ö»ç³É¿¡´Ù ¹®Çзаú Àλý·ÐÀ» ±³Â÷½ÃŲ ¿¡¼¼ÀÌÁý ¡¶¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Çª¸¥ ¾ð´ö Green Hills of Africa¡·(1935)À» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥, ÀÌµé µÎ ÀÛÇ°¿¡¼´Â ±×ÀÇ ¹®Çаü¡¤Àλý°üÀ» Á÷Á¢ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ð¼öÀÔ(ÚËâÃìý)¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ´Â ¾î¼±ÀÇ ¼±ÀåÀ» ÁÖÀΰøÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ÀåÆí ¡¶°¡Áø ÀÚ¿Í ¸ø °¡Áø ÀÚ To Have and Have Not¡·(1937)´Â ´ç½Ã À¯ÇàµÈ »çȸ¼Ò¼³À» ÁöÇâÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×°¡ º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î »çȸ¼Ò¼³¿¡ ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ ÀÛÇ°ÀÌ´Ù. 1936³â ¿¡½ºÆijij»¶õ ¹ß¹ß°ú ÇÔ²² ±×´Â °øÈÁ¤ºÎ±º¿¡ °¡´ãÇÏ¿© È°¾à, ±× üÇè¿¡¼ ½ºÆÄÀÌ È°µ¿À» ´Ù·é Èñ°î ¡¶Á¦5¿(ð¯çéÖª) The Fifth Column¡·(1938)ÀÌ Åº»ýµÇ¾ú°í, ´Ù½Ã 1940³â¿¡´Â ½ºÆäÀÎ ³»¶õÀ» ¹è°æÀ¸·Î ¹Ì±¹ û³â ·Î¹öÆ® Á¶´ÜÀ» ÁÖÀΰøÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ÃÖ´ëÀÇ ÀåÆí ¡¶´©±¸¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© Á¾Àº ¿ï¸®³ª For Whom the Bell Tolls¡·¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥, ¡¶¹«±â¿© Àß ÀÖ°Å¶ó¡· ÀÌ»óÀÇ ¹ÝÇâÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ÈÄ 10³â°£ÀÇ Ä§¹¬À» ±ú°í ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ¡¶°À» °Ç³Ê ½£ ¼ÓÀ¸·Î Across the River and into the Trees¡· (1950)´Â ¿¹ÀüÀÇ ¼Ò¼³ÀÇ ÀçÆÇ(î¢÷ú)À̶ó Çؼ ÁÁÁö ¸øÇÑ ÆòÀ» ¾ò¾úÁö¸¸, ´ÙÀ½ ÀÛÇ° ¡¶³ëÀΰú ¹Ù´Ù The Old Man and the Sea¡·(1952)´Â ´ë¾î(ÓÞåà)¸¦ ³¬À¸·Á°í ºÐÅõÇÏ´Â ´ÄÀº ¾îºÎÀÇ ºÒ±¼ÀÇ Á¤½Å°ú °í»óÇÑ ¸ð½ÀÀ» °£°áÇÏ°í ÈûÂù ¹®Ã¼·Î ¹¦»çÇÑ ´ÜÆíÀε¥, ÀÌ ÀÛÇ°À¸·Î 1953³â ǽ¸®Ã³»óÀ» ¹Þ°í, 1954³â ³ëº§¹®ÇлóÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ´ÜÆíÁýÀ¸·Î´Â ¡¶¿ì¸®µéÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡¡· ¿Ü¿¡ ¡¶³²Àڵ鸸ÀÇ ¼¼°è Men Without Women¡·(1927) ¡¶½ÂÀÚ(ãíº)´Â Ç㹫ÇÏ´Ù Winner Take Nothing¡·(1932)°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÈÄ¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÛÇ°µéÀ» ÷°¡ÇÏ¿© ÇÑ ±ÇÀ¸·Î ÃâÆǵǾú´Âµ¥, ±× Áß¿¡´Â Çϵ庸Àϵå(hardboiled)dzÀÇ °ÉÀÛ ¡¶»ìÀÎûºÎ¾÷ÀÚ The Killers¡·(1927), Ç¥Çö±â¼úÀÇ Á¤¼ö¸¦ ±¸»çÇÑ ¡¶Å³¸®¸¸ÀÚ·ÎÀÇ ´« The Snow of Kilimanjaro¡·(1936) µî ¹Ì±¹¹®ÇÐÀÇ °íÀü(ͯîð)À¸·Î °£ÁֵǴ ¸í´ÜÆíµéÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸¦ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ´ÜÆíÀÛ°¡·Î¼ ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â Æò·Ð°¡µéµµ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. 1953³â ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¿©ÇàÀ» ÇÏ´ø Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌ´Â µÎ ¹øÀ̳ª ºñÇà±â »ç°í¸¦ ´çÇØ Áß»óÀ» ÀÔ°í, ÀÌÈÄ ÀüÁö¿ä¾ç¿¡ Èû½è´Ù. ±× ÈÄ 1961³â 7¿ù °©Àڱ⠿±ÃÑ»ç°í·Î Á×¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÚ»ì·Î ÃßÃøµÈ´Ù. »çÈÄ¿¡ ¡¶À̵¿ÃàÁ¦ÀÏ(ì¹ÔÑõæð®ìí)¡·(1964) ¡¶¸¸·ù(ؽ׵)ÀÇ ¼¶µé¡·(1970) µîÀÇ À¯°í(ë¶ÍÃ)°¡ ÃâÆǵǾú´Ù. ±×´Â Áö¼º°ú ¹®¸íÀÇ ¼¼°è¸¦ ¼ÓÀÓ¼ö·Î º¸°í, °¡È¤ÇÑ Çö½Ç¿¡ °¨¿¬È÷ ¸Â¼¹´Ù°¡ ÆйèÇÏ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ ºñ±ØÀûÀÎ ¸ð½ÀÀ», °£°áÇÑ ¹®Ã¼·Î ÈûÂ÷°Ô ¹¦»çÇÑ 20¼¼±âÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù. Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌ´Â Äí¹ÙÀÇ ¼öµµ ¾Æ¹Ù³ª¿¡¼ 7³â °£ ¾Ïº¸½º¹®µµ½ºÈ£ÅÚ(Hotel de Ambos Mundos)¿¡ ±â°ÅÇÏ¿© ÁýÇÊÇÏ¿´°í Àú³áÀÌ¸é ¿¤ Ç÷θ®µðŸ ¹Ù¿¡¼ ĬÅ×ÀÏÀ» Áñ±â¸ç ÇöÁöÀεé°ú ´ã¼Ò¸¦ Áñ°å´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Äí¹ÙÇõ¸í ÀÌÈÄ 1960³â ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î Ãß¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù. Áö±Ýµµ ¾Æ¹Ù³ª¿¡´Â Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌÀÇ À¯Ç° ÀÏºÎ¿Í »çÁøµéÀÌ º¸Á¸ Àü½ÃµÇ°í ÀÖ¾î ÁÖ¿äÇÑ °ü±¤»óÇ°ÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. [¾î´Ï½ºÆ® Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌ ¿¬º¸] 1899 7¿ù 21ÀÏ ½ÃÄ«°í¿¡¼ Ãâ»ý. 1917 °íµîÇб³ Á¹¾÷ ÈÄ ¹Ì À°±º ÀÔ´ë Áö¿øÇÏ¿´À¸³ª ½Ã·Â ¶§¹®¿¡ °ÅºÎµÊ. ĵÀÚ½º½Ã ½Å¹® ¡¶½ºÅ¸ Star¡·ÁöÀÇ ¼ö½À±âÀÚ·Î ±Ù¹«. 1918 ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ Àü¼±¿¡ Á¾±º Áß µÎ ´Ù¸®¿¡ Áß»óÀ» ÀÔÀ½. 1920 ¡¶Åä·ÐÅä ½ºÅ¸ Toronto Star¡· µî¿¡¼ Á¾Àü ÈÄ ±âÀÚ °â ÇØ¿Ü Æ¯ÆÄ¿øÀ¸·Î ÀÏÇÔ. 1921 ¾î¸° ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ ¾Ë°í Áö³»´ø ¿¬»óÀÇ Çص鸮¿Í °áÈ¥. 1923 ¡¶3ÆíÀÇ ´ÜÆí°ú 10ÆíÀÇ ½Ã three stories and ten poems¡·¸¦ ÃâÆÇ. 1926 ¡¶ÇØ´Â ¶Ç´Ù½Ã ¶°¿À¸¥´Ù The Sun Also Rises¡· ¹ßÇ¥. 1929 ¡¶¹«±â¿© Àß ÀְŶó A Farewell to Arms¡·¸¦ ¿Ï¼º. 1940 ½ºÆäÀÎ ³»¶õ ¶§ ƯÆÄ¿øÀ¸·Î ÂüÀü. 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Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌ(Ernest Hemingway, ¼Ò¼³°¡, ³ëº§»ó, USA)ÀÇ ¾ç½É(Conscience) µî±Þ(Grade)À» A(¸Å¿ì ¿ì¼ö), B(¿ì¼ö), C(º¸Åë), D(³·À½) ·Î Grading ÇÑ´Ù¸é, Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌ(Ernest Hemingway, ¼Ò¼³°¡, ³ëº§»ó, USA)ÀÇ ¾ç½Éµî±Þ(Conscience Grade)Àº? ¾ç½É µî±ÞÀº ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸£°Ô Æò°¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌÀÇ ¾ç½É µî±ÞÀ» Á¤È®È÷ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾î·Æ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ ÇൿÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, µ¿¹° ±Ç¸®, »çȸ Á¤ÀÇ, Àΰ£ÀÇ °íÅë µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½É°ú Á¸°æÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÀÛÇ°°ú ÇൿÀ» º¸¿©Áá½À´Ï´Ù. µû¶ó¼ Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌÀÇ ¾ç½É µî±ÞÀº ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡ µû¶ó ´Þ¶óÁú ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î B(¿ì¼ö) µî±Þ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢µË´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÛÇ°°ú »îÀ» ÅëÇØ Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼º°ú µµ´öÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Ž±¸Çϸç, À̸¦ ÅëÇØ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ´Ù¾çÇÑ À±¸®ÀûÀÎ °í¹Î°ú Áú¹®À» ´øÁ³½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Çì¹Ö¿þÀÌÀÇ Àλý°ú ÀÛÇ°Àº º¹ÀâÇÏ°í ´Ù¸éÀûÀÎ ¸éÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×¸¦ ´Ù¸¥ µî±ÞÀ¸·Î Æò°¡ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¾ç½É µî±ÞÀº °á±¹ °³ÀÎÀÇ ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡ µû¶ó °áÁ¤µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ======================================= Ernest Hemingway [Born] Ernest Miller Hemingway July 21, 1899 Oak Park, Illinois, United States [Died] July 2, 1961 (aged 61) Ketchum, Idaho, U.S. [Notable awards] Pulitzer Prize for Fiction (1953) Nobel Prize in Literature (1954) [Spouse] Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (1921–1927) Pauline Pfeiffer (1927–1940) Martha Gellhorn (1940–1945) Mary Welsh Hemingway (1946–1961) [Children] Jack, Patrick, Gregory Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works. Additional works, including three novels, four short story collections, and three non- fiction works, were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature. Hemingway was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. After high school he reported for a few months for The Kansas City Star, before leaving for the Italian front to enlist with the World War I ambulance drivers. In 1918, he was seriously wounded and returned home. His wartime experiences formed the basis for his novel A Farewell to Arms (1929). In 1921, he married Hadley Richardson, the first of his four wives. The couple moved to Paris, where he worked as a foreign correspondent and fell under the influence of the modernist writers and artists of the 1920s "Lost Generation" expatriate community. He published his first novel, The Sun Also Rises, in 1926. After his 1927 divorce from Hadley Richardson, Hemingway married Pauline Pfeiffer; they divorced after he returned from the Spanish Civil War where he had been a journalist, and after which he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Martha Gellhorn became his third wife in 1940; they separated when he met Mary Welsh in London during World War II. He was present at the Normandy landings and the liberation of Paris. Shortly after the publication of The Old Man and the Sea (1952), Hemingway went on safari to Africa, where he was almost killed in two successive plane crashes that left him in pain or ill health for much of his remaining life. Hemingway maintained permanent residences in Key West, Florida, (1930s) and Cuba (1940s and 1950s), and in 1959, he bought a house in Ketchum, Idaho, where he committed suicide in the summer of 1961. (from ³×À̹ö Áö½Ä¹é°ú µÎ»ê¹é°ú naver.com wikipedia.org) Classics, Cuba, Crash, Committed suicide, Influence(+ -) ~ (PIG: time-variant) Positive Influence GRADE (PIG): C
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